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Spaghetti developed by substituting semolina with 5, 10, 15, and 20% (w/w) banana starch were evaluated by specific physical and chemical parameters such as chemical composition, resistant starch (RS) content, diameter, bulk density, color, cooked weight, cooking loss, and firmness. They were also evaluated by their sensory attributes. In general, the addition of banana starch promoted a dilution effect on protein, lipid, and ash content, while moisture content was not affected. On the other hand, the content of RS significantly increased ( p50.05) with an increase of banana starch in the spaghetti. Spaghetti containing 5 and 10% of banana starch had similar diameter than the control spaghetti, but the diameter of spaghetti with 15 and 20% banana starch were significantly lower ( p50.05). The bulk density values of spaghetti with banana starch were all similar and not different from the control spaghetti. The values of ΔL* indicated that the color of spaghetti containing banana starch was darker than the control at all levels of substitution, while the values of ΔC* indicated that only spaghetti containing banana starch in the range of 10—20% was less saturated than the control. The evaluation of cooking quality demonstrated that the cooked weight of spaghetti containing banana starch was similar to the control, but their cooking loss was significantly higher and their firmness significantly lower ( p50.05) than the control. However, the values of cooking loss and firmness were in the acceptable range for good quality pasta. Sensory evaluation of the product showed that the addition of banana starch improved the acceptability of the spaghetti. The overall result of this study shows that spaghetti with up to 15% of banana starch addition could have great potential for commercial acceptability as a functional food with high levels of healthy RS.

Summary The development of gluten‐free spaghetti with a low amount of glycaemic carbohydrate was investigated. The goal of this study was to determine the chemical composition, cooking quality and starch digestibility of gluten‐free spaghetti elaborated with mixtures of chickpea, unripe plantain and maize flours. The gluten‐free spaghetti presented a higher protein, fat and ash content than the control semolina spaghetti. The solid loss among all the gluten‐free spaghetti was in the range of 10.04–10.91% and not significantly different from each other. These values were almost at the limit of acceptability to be considered as good cooking quality. Total starch in the gluten‐free spaghetti was lower than the control spaghetti. The lower available starch (AS) and higher resistant starch contents in the gluten‐free spaghetti were associated with their lower rate of hydrolysis and predicted glycaemic index. There is a potential for developing gluten‐free spaghetti with reduced amount of glycaemic carbohydrates from unconventional food ingredients such as chickpea, unripe plantain and maize flours.

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Seed microstructure provides complementary information to physicochemical determinations. Scanning electron micrographs of cross sections of black bean extrudates illustrated the increase in volume expansion, with an increase of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) in the extrudate. This increase in volume expansion is attributed to the increase in air cell size and corresponding decrease in air cell wall thickness with additional concentrations of NaHCO 3 . The measured increase in diameter and expansion ratio of extrudates with NaHCO 3 addition may be explained by the increase in number of air cells within the extrudate and the increase in pores in the gelatinized starch matrix of air cell walls. Extrusion conditions, which involved the use of heat and moisture, provided the necessary conditions for the release of CO 2 from NaHCO 3 during processing. Expansion ratio increases between the control extrudate, and extrudate with 0.5% NaHCO 3 addition were twofold at the node and 1.8‐fold at the area between the nodes. Statistical analysis of color data exhibited no significant change in L*, hue or chroma across concentrations of NaHCO 3 for nonextruded flours. A simple linear regression adequately described changes in L* and hue for extruded flours. However, a curvilinear relationship was needed to explain changes in chroma versus NaHCO 3 for extruded flours, making changes in chroma measurements less easy to interpret. The color data in this study serve as primary information for future establishment of cut‐off values of color for the development of an acceptable legume snack.

(2015) Gluten-free spaghetti with unripe plantain, chickpea and maize: physicochemical, texture and sensory properties, CyTAJournal of Food, 13:2, 159-166, DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2014 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10. 1080/19476337.2014.929178 The purpose of this investigation was to determine the physicochemical, textural and sensorial characteristics of gluten-free spaghetti elaborated with unripe plantain, chickpea and maize flours. Luminosity (L*) of the uncooked gluten-free spaghetti was not significantly different from control sample, but in cooked spaghetti, L* value was different. The diameters of raw spaghetti (gluten-free and control) were similar, but lower diameters were determined in cooked gluten-free spaghetti; however, some composites had similar water absorption values. Gluten-free spaghetti had higher hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness than the control but had lower elasticity. The maximum peak viscosity was lower in the gluten-free spaghetti than in the control, and no breakdown viscosity was observed, although high setback viscosity was found. The overall sensorial acceptability was similar in the gluten-free spaghetti among the different formulations, but it was significantly lower than the control. It is possible to prepare gluten-free pasta with textural and overall acceptability.Keywords: banana flour; firmness; water absorption; color; viscosity El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las propiedades fisicoquímicas, características de textura y aceptación de espagueti sin gluten elaborado con harinas de plátano verde, garbanzo y maíz. La luminosidad (L*) de los espaguetis sin gluten crudos no fue diferente al control, pero en espaguetis cocidos el valor de L* fue diferente. El diámetro de los espaguetis crudos (sin gluten y control) fueron similares, pero los espaguetis sin gluten cocidos presentaron diámetros inferiores que el control; sin embargo, algunas muestras presentaron valores de absorción de agua similares al control. Los espaguetis sin gluten presentaron mayor dureza, cohesividad y masticabilidad que el control, pero menor elasticidad. El pico de viscosidad máximo fue menor en los espaguetis sin gluten que el control. La aceptabilidad sensorial fue similar en los espaguetis sin gluten, pero fue significativamente menor que en el control. Es posible preparar pasta sin gluten de textura y sabor aceptable.

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The distribution of aflatoxin concentration has been measured by sampling 19 process streams ranging from 1 to 1000 nuts/sample. The 19 streams comprise substantially the entire sorted product of one producer for crop year 1992. Similar results were obtained by another producer for 1993. The fraction of total aflatoxin accounted for by each process stream was computed. It was concluded that 90% of aflatoxin is contained in 4.6% of (low-quality) product; removal of this product would reduce average aflatoxin from 1.2 to 0.12 ng/g for all product sold for human consumption. On the basis of the aflatoxin distributions of the processed as well as an unprocessed stream, the conclusion is drawn that all aflatoxin found here arises in the orchard; none is produced under normal processing conditions. It is estimated that the necessary sample size (in terms of the sample mean and desired variance of the mean) for aflatoxin measurement in pistachios is given by number of nuts = (8 × 105 ng/g) × mean/variance. Keywords: Processing; tree nuts; removal; process control; sampling; growth model; aflatoxin analysis