No abstract

Prime Minister’s Questions (PMQs) is a weekly, half-hour long session in the British House of Commons, which gives backbench Members of Parliament (MPs) and the Leader of the Opposition (LO) the opportunity to ask the Prime Minister (PM) questions on any topic relating to the government’s policies and actions. The discourse at PMQs is often described as adversarial (see Bull & Wells 2011) and in this paper I will show how the notion of impoliteness can be applied to both the questions and the answers which make up the session. Through the detailed analysis of six sessions of PMQs I will also demonstrate that PMQs is also a source of polite linguistic behaviour of the sort described in Brown & Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory. Comparisons between Gordon Brown’s and David Cameron’s speech styles will also be drawn.

By looking at both apologies made in everyday conversation and those made by politicians in public, I aim in this paper to provide a full set of felicity conditions for the speech act of apology. I also discuss how refinements to previously proposed categories of apology strategies are needed to accurately describe how (British) politicians apologise. I endeavour to show that with these refinements, the speech act approach to apologies is applicable to those of a political nature, as well as those in everyday conversation. Using these developments I analyse how Members of the U.K. Parliament apologise for a variety of offences. This analysis shows that MPs make more fulsome apologies than the apologies found in everyday conversation. The type of offence has an effect on how an MP apologises, with apologies for financial irregularities being the more detailed and making use of more conventional strategies than other apologies.

Captive animals trained to cooperate with routine medical procedures, such as injections, may experience less aggression and anxiety than those forced to comply through the use of restraints. The authors used positive reinforcement training to teach captive chimpanzees to present a body part for anesthetic injection and determined the time investment necessary for initial training and duration of maintenance of the behavior after completion of the training.

With this issue, JHL is introducing a new, regular feature: the Roundtable Discussion, where we ask experts to share their informed opinions on a hot topic in lactation practice and/or research. In this issue, we are addressing the cutting edge field of ankyloglossia or "tongue-tie." Our panel consists of pediatric, nursing, and International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) experts from hospital and community settings in the US and Australia. How Is the Infant with Tongue-Tie Usually Identified in Your Setting? Philipp: I direct the well baby unit at an inner city, Baby-Friendly hospital in the US, with approximately 2500 births per year. We routinely check for tongue-ties during nurse and physician admission exams. Hazelbaker: As a private practice IBCLC in the US, I have infant clients ranging from 2 days to 5 months. I screen every baby who comes into my office for care using the Hazelbaker Assessment Tool for Lingual Frenulum Function. 1 In this way, I quickly rule out or confirm tongue-tie as the cause or an aspect of the presenting breastfeeding issue. Edmunds: When a mother presents to 1 of our 4 drop-in community child health breastfeeding clinics in Queensland, Australia, with her infant, the lactation consultant would undertake a full assessment of the breastfeeding including observation of a breastfeed. If the mother identified latching difficulties, sore nipples, frequent breastfeeding and concerns about the infant not maintaining a latch to the breast, they would check in the infant's mouth for tonguetie. Tongue-tie may also be identified by any of our child health nurses in our community drop in well baby clinics or when they are seen as part of our home visiting program for high risk clients. Murphy: Every newborn at our Naval Medical Center in the US receives 1 or more assessments by experienced residents and staff before discharge and again in the Pediatric Clinic Newborn Follow-up Clinic, including assessment for tongue-tie. IBCLC assessment is done on most newborns with feeding concerns before discharge. Lactation trained RN/LVN assessment occurs in the Newborn FU Clinic. Any 428588J HLXXX10.