The experimental design was originated by Kelley and Strudwick for V/HUD prototype equipment utilization. Their plan was modified at Kaiser by Ketchel and R. W. Way who designed and constructed the symbol generating apparatus described herein.Experiments were conducted at the Kaiser Palo Alto facility by the authors. Subjects were selected Kaiser personnel with the exception of Mr. Strudwick who served alternately as subject and experimenter.ii ABSTRACT The HUD, or Head-up part of Kaiser's Vertical/Head-up Display, is an avionics device that collimates and projects symbology onto the real world at infinity. It enables a pilot to look through the aircraft windscreen while viewing command and status information without requiring visual accommodation changes.This experiment was undertaken to determine what symbol brightness is required to use the Head-up Display under high background brightness conditions. The anticipated worst situation (other than looking directly into the sun) consists of flight over sunlit clouds or snow, in which case there could be continuing background brightnesses on the order of 10, 000 foot lamberts against which the display must be seen.Results indicate that pilots will want display contrasts of at least 20 to 35 per cent, i. e. , perhaps 1800 to 3500 ft. L. display brightness reflecting from the HUD combining glass, assuming 90 per cent transmission by windscreen and combining glass and an external background luminance of 10, 000 ft. L. The minimum brightness contrast for a barely visible, near-threshold display is on the order of 10 per cent, or 900 to 1, 000 ft. L. reflected from the combiner.This will provide an extremely dim display, but one that most pilots can be expected to see more than 90 per cent of the time.iii
All nuclear power utilities are interested in saving costs, reducing radiation exposure, making task supervision easier, and enhancing worker effectiveness. Recent EPRI research indicates that imaging tools, ranging from low cost CCTV to videodisc systems and photogrammetry, can be effective means for achieving these benefits. Some of the techniques, such as CCTV and videodisc systems, are already being used extensively and offer proven results. Others are scarcely being used despite their potential. Current programs to update existing plants and design new ones make it important to recognize that images -whether films, transparencies, video, line drawings, computer graphics, or others -play an essential role in plant operations and maintenance. This paper provides examples of potential cost-saving benefits and limitations of some principal techniques.
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