Conventional wisdom and anecdote suggests that testing takes between 30 to 50% of a project's effort. However testing is not a monolithic activity as it consists of a number of different phases such as unit testing, integration testing and finally system and acceptance test.Unit testing has received a lot of criticism in terms of the amount of time that it is perceived to take and its perceived costs. However it still remains an important verification activity being an effective means to test individual software components for boundary value behavior and ensure that all code has been exercised adequately. We examine the available data from three safety-related, industrial software projects that have made use of unit testing. Using this information we argue that the perceived costs of unit testing may be exaggerated and that the likely benefits in terms of defect detection are quite high in relation to those costs.We also discuss the different issues that have been found applying the technique at different phases of the development and using different methods to generate those tests. We also compare results we have obtained with empirical results from the literature and highlight some possible weakness of research in this area.
Devices in a mobile ad-hoc environment can follow different movement patterns based on the application environment. Some environments, such as mass transit systems, follow regular and predictable patterns. Others, such as an aerial monitoring network, generally follow random paths. Optimal routing schemes tend to take advantage of information regarding movement patterns available in social interaction domains. In a social environment like wildlife tracking or monitoring sociohuman interactions, the devices and/or users will follow regular contact habits, tending to encounter social groups in which they participate. In this paper, by dynamically identifying these groups, the patterns are used to speed routing through a social environment. When social groups are formed, a probability based scheme is used to route messages to devices efficiently. This algorithm can be implemented ad null, meaning the devices have no information of their environment, and works to reduce overhead, message traffic, and delivery time while maintaining a high delivery ratio.
Transportation industries are the centrepoint for some remarkable transformations driven by technology development and innovation. However, we have seen limited advances on methods to address reliability and resilience challenges emerging with increasingly complex systems and environments. This paper presents the outcomes of an European Reliability Research Roadmapping workshop, collating the views of automotive, aerospace and defence industries to identify current reliability challenges and research gaps and to define directions for future research and skills development.
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