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Purpose To objectively compare residual colonic fluid volume and attenuation of oral sulfate solution (OSS) with four different established cathartic regimens using an automated volumetric software tool at CT colonography (CTC). Methods This HIPAA-compliant study had institutional review board approval. Volumetric analysis of residual contrast-tagged colonic fluid was performed on CTC studies in 263 adults (mean age, 60.1 years; 137M/126F) using an automated volumetric software tool. 23 patients receiving 177 ml OSS (SUPREP; single-bottle purgation) were compared with 60 patients each receiving 45 ml sodium phosphate (NaP), 90 ml NaP (2xNaP), 592 ml (two bottles) magnesium citrate (MgC), and 4000 ml polyethylene glycol (PEG). All patients received oral contrast cleansing after catharsis. Data were analyzed with unpaired t test with Welch correction and F test. Results The mean volume of residual colonic fluid was less with OSS (125±60 ml) than for established cathartic agents: 2xNaP (206±125 ml, (p<0.0001), MgC (184±125 ml, p<0.01), PEG (166±114 ml, p<0.05) and NaP (165±135 ml, p=0.067). Variance of volumes was also significantly lower for OSS (range, 28 – 251 ml) than for established agents (range, 4 – 853 ml) (all p<0.01). Mean fluid attenuation was higher with OSS (956±168 HU) than for established agents (all p<0.05): 2xNaP (455±191 HU), MgC (691±154 HU), NaP (779±127 HU), and PEG (843±193 HU). Conclusions Automated volumetry allows rapid objective assessment of bowel preparation quality at CTC. Purgation with the novel oral sulfate solution (SUPREP) consistently resulted in less residual colonic fluid and higher fluid attenuation compared with established cathartic regimens.
Many scientists use quantitative measurements to compare the presence and amount, of various proteins and nucleotides among series of one- and two-dimensional (1-D and 2-D) electrophoretic gels. These gels are often scanned into digital image files. Gel spots are then quantified using stand-alone analysis software. However, as more research collaborations take place over the Internet, it has become useful to share intermediate quantitative data between researchers. This allows research group members to investigate their data and share their work in progress. We developed a World Wide Web group-accessible software system, WebGel, for interactively exploring qualitative and quantitative differences between electrophoretic gels. Such Internet databases are useful for publishing quantitative data and allow other researchers to explore the data with respect to their own research. Because intermediate results of one user may be shared with their collaborators using WebGel, this form of active data-sharing constitutes a groupware method for enhancing collaborative research. Quantitative and image gel data from a stand-alone gel image processing system are copied to a database accessible on the WebGel Web server. These data are then available for analysis by the WebGel database program residing on that server. Visualization is critical for better understanding of the data. WebGel helps organize labeled gel images into montages of corresponding spots as seen in these different gels. Various views of multiple gel images, including sets of spots, normalization spots, labeled spots, segmented gels, etc. may also be displayed. These displays are active and may be used for performing database operations directly on individual protein spots by simply clicking on them. Corresponding regions between sets of gels may be visually analyzed using Flicker-comparison (Electrophoresis 1997, 18, 122-140) as one of the WebGel methods for qualitative analysis. Quantitative exploratory data analysis can be performed by comparing protein concentration values between corresponding spots for multiple samples run in separate gels. These data are then used to generate reports on statistical differences between sets of gels (e.g., between different disease states such as benign or metastatic cancers, etc.). Using combined visual and quantitative methods, WebGel can help bridge the analysis of dissimilar gels which are difficult to analyze with stand-alone systems and can serve as a collaborative Internet tool in a groupware setting.
Purpose To objectively compare colonic distention at CT colonography (CTC) achieved with manual room air versus automated low-pressure carbon dioxide using a novel automated volumetric quality assessment tool. Methods Volumetric analysis was retrospectively performed on CTC studies in 300 asymptomatic adults using an automated quality assessment tool (V3D Colon [beta version], Viatronix). Colonic distention was achieved with room air self-administered to tolerance via hand-held pump (mean number of pumps, 39 ± 32) in 150 individuals (mean age, 59 years; 98 men, 51 women) and via continuous low-pressure automated infusion of carbon dioxide in 150 individuals (mean age, 57 years; 89 men, 61 women). CTC studies in supine and prone position were assessed to determine total colonic volume (luminal gas and fluid). The colonic length along the automated centerline was also recorded to enable calculation of length-adjusted colonic volumes. Results The mean total colonic volume (± SD) for individuals receiving room air and carbon dioxide distention was 1809± 514 mL and 2223 ± 686 mL, respectively (p<0.01). The prone position was better distended in 78.7% (118/150) of cases using room air; whereas, the supine was better in 66.0% (99/150) of carbon dioxide cases (p<0.01). Using a volume threshold of 2000 ml, 49 (32.7%) of room air cases and 92 (61.3%) of CO2 cases were above this cut-off. The mean length-adjusted colonic volume (mL/cm) for the room air and carbon dioxide techniques was 9.9 ± 2.4 mL/cm and 11.6 ± 2.6 mL/cm (p<0.01). Conclusions Using automated volumetry allowed quantitative analyses of colonic volumes and objectively confirmed that continuous low-pressure carbon dioxide provides greater overall colonic distention than the manual room air technique at CTC. The supine position demonstrated better distention with carbon dioxide, whereas the prone position was better distended with the room air technique.
Tetradentate Janus heads L−: Staples for the construction of square tetranuclear clusters of the type [M4L8] 1 (M=Ni, Zn; see picture). The [2×2] grids 1 are generated in a one‐pot reaction by self‐assembly. The magnetic susceptibility of the nickel complex [Ni4L8] Ni‐1 exhibits an increase of χT at low temperature due to intramolecular ferromagnetic coupling of the Ni ions.
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