Construction activities are a known risk contributing to the growth and spread of waterborne pathogens in building water systems. The purpose of the study is to integrate evidence for categorizing construction activity risk factors contributing to waterborne disease in community and healthcare settings, establish severity of such risk factors and identify knowledge gaps. Using a systematic review, the inclusion criteria were: (1) studies with disease cases suspected to be associated with construction activities and waterborne pathogens, and (2) active construction work described in a community or healthcare setting. Each construction activity risk factor was correlated across all studies with the number of disease cases and deaths to establish risk severity. The eligibility review and quantitative synthesis yielded 31 studies for inclusion (community, n = 7 and healthcare, n = 24). From 1965 to 2016, a total of 894 disease cases inclusive of 112 deaths were associated with nine construction activity risk factors and waterborne pathogens. The present study findings support the need for building owners, water management teams and public health professionals to address construction activity risk factors and the analysis of current knowledge deficiencies within the scope of an ongoing water management program. The impact of construction activities on waterborne disease is preventable and should no longer be considered incidental nor accidental.
Construction activities in healthcare settings potentially expose building occupants to waterborne pathogens including Legionella and have been associated with morbidity and mortality. A Water Management for Construction—Infection Control Risk Assessment (WMC-ICRA) tool was developed addressing gaps in building water management programs. This enables healthcare organizations to meet the requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188 referenced in numerous guidelines and regulations. A WMC-ICRA was modeled after the ICRA required for prevention and control of airborne pathogens to reduce the risk of healthcare associated infections. The tool allows users to evaluate risk from waterborne pathogen exposure by analyzing construction activities by project category and building occupant risk group. The users then select an appropriate level of risk mitigation measures. Technical aspects (e.g., water age/stagnation, flushing, filtration, disinfection, validation testing), are presented to assist with implementation. An exemplar WMC-ICRA tool is presented as ready for implementation by infection prevention and allied professionals, addressing current gaps in water management, morbidity/mortality risk, and regulatory compliance. To reduce exposure to waterborne pathogens in healthcare settings and improve regulatory compliance, organizations should examine the WMC-ICRA tool, customize it for organization-specific needs, while formulating an organizational policy to implement during all construction activities.
In this paper formulae are developed for the rapid estimation of the hydroelectric powerhouse concrete volume for nine different types of surface powerhouses, containing high head vertical or horizontal shaft impulse units; high head Francis units intermediate head Francis, Kaplan, or fixed blade propellor units; low head horizontal shaft tube, rim generator, or bulb units; and low head vertical shaft Kaplan or fixed blade propellor units. Heads range from a minimum of 4.65 m up to a maximum of 825 m. Unit size ranges from a minimum of 3000 kVA to a maximum of 615 000 kVA. The formulae are based on statistics derived from 93 hydro developments. In addition formulae are developed for generator casing diameters as a prerequisite to the development of a chart which indicates whether the turbine or the generator will influence powerhouse concrete volume for intermediate head powerplants. Finally, the formulae are used to compare concrete volumes for horizontal and vertical shaft low head powerplants. Keywords: hydroelectric powerhouse, concrete volume.
Le projet hydroélectrique Andekaleka est situé dans la partie centrale-est de Madagascar où une chute nette de 214 m a été aménagée pour produire 56 MW de puissance dans une centrale souterraine, prévue avec un espace suffisant pour permettre d'en doubler la capacité. On y a produit de l'électricité pour la première fois en avril 1982 après trois ans de travaux.Ce complexe énergétique comprend notamment un bief amont et une prise d'eau inusités, conçus pour exclure les sédiments charriés par la rivière, qui font l'objet de cette communication. Une description détaillée du projet a été publiée ailleurs (1). L'implantation générale du barrage est illustrée à la figure 1. Plusieurs conceptions différentes de la prise d'eau ont été mises à l'essai sur un modèle hydraulique à lit mobile jusqu'à ce que l'agencement satisfaisant ait été obtenu. Une inspecti<;m du projet à la fin de la deuxième année d'exploitation n'a révélé qu'un volume négligeable de dépôts dans la galerie d'amenée confirmant les résultats des essais sur modèle.
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