We present a one-pot synthesis for well-defined nanostructured polymeric microparticles formed from block copolymers that could easily be adapted to commercial scale. We have utilized reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to prepare block copolymers in a dispersion polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide, an efficient process which uses no additional solvents and hence is environmentally acceptable. We demonstrate that a wide range of monomer types, including methacrylates, acrylamides, and styrenics, can be utilized leading to block copolymer materials that are amphiphilic (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)) and/or mechanically diverse (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate)). Interrogation of the internal structure of the microparticles reveals an array of nanoscale morphologies, including multilayered, curved cylindrical, and spherical domains. Surprisingly, control can also be exerted by changing the chemical nature of the constituent blocks and it is clear that selective CO 2 sorption must strongly influence the block copolymer phase behavior, resulting in kinetically trapped morphologies that are different from those conventionally observed for block copolymer thin films formed in absence of CO 2 .
Nanostructured soft materials open up new opportunities in material design and application, and block copolymer self-assembly is one particularly powerful phenomenon that can be exploited for their synthesis. The advent of controlled/living radical polymerisation (CLRP) has greatly simplified block copolymer synthesis, and versatility towards monomer types and polymer architectures across the different forms of CLRP has vastly expanded the range of functional materials accessible. CLRP-controlled synthesis of block copolymers has been applied in heterogeneous systems, motivated by the numerous process advantages and the position of emulsion polymerisation at the forefront of industrial latex synthesis. In addition to the inherent environmental advantages of heterogeneous routes, the incidence of block copolymer self-assembly within dispersed particles during polymerisation leads to novel nanostructured materials that offer enticing prospects for entirely new applications of block copolymers. Here, we review the range of block copolymers prepared by heterogeneous CLRP techniques, evaluate the methods applied to maximise purity of the products, and summarise the unique nanoscale morphologies resulting from in situ self-assembly, before discussing future opportunities within the field.2
Reversible
addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-controlled block
copolymer synthesis using dispersion polymerization in supercritical
carbon dioxide (scCO2) shows unprecedented control over
blocking efficiency. For PMMA-b-PBzMA and PMMA-b-PSt the blocking
efficiency was quantified by measuring homopolymer contaminants using
the techniques of GPC deconvolution, gradient polymer elution chromatography
(GPEC), and GPC dual RI/UV detection. A new, promising method was
also developed which combined GPC deconvolution and GPEC. All techniques
showed that blocking efficiency was significantly improved by reducing
the radical concentration and target molecular weight. Estimated values
agreed well with (and occasionally exceeded) theory for PMMA-b-PBzMA. The heterogeneous process in
scCO2 appeared to cause little or no further hindrance
to the block copolymerization procedure when reaction conditions were
optimized. High blocking efficiencies were achieved (up to 82%) even
at high conversion of MMA (>95%) and high molecular weight. These
data compare favorably to numerous published reports of heterogeneous
syntheses of block copolymers.
We report the synthesis
of poly(N-(2-acryloyloxyethyl)pyrrolidone)-poly(4-hydroxybutyl
acrylate) (PNAEP85-PHBA
x
) diblock
copolymer nano-objects via reversible addition–fragmentation
chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous dispersion polymerization of 4-hydroxybutyl
acrylate (HBA) at 30 °C using an efficient two-step one-pot protocol.
Given the relatively low glass transition temperature of the PHBA
block, these nano-objects required covalent stabilization prior to
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. This was achieved
by core crosslinking using glutaraldehyde. TEM analysis of the glutaraldehyde-fixed
nano-objects combined with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies
of linear nano-objects confirmed that pure spheres, worms or vesicles
could be obtained at 20 °C in an acidic aqueous solution by simply
varying the mean degree of polymerization (x) of
the PHBA block. Aqueous electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering
and TEM studies indicated that raising the dispersion pH above the
pK
a of the terminal carboxylic acid group
located on each PNAEP chain induced a vesicle-to-sphere transition. 1H NMR studies of linear PNAEP85-PHBA
x
nano-objects indicated a concomitant increase in
the degree of partial hydration of PHBA chains on switching from pH
2-3 to pH 7-8, which is interpreted in terms of a surface plasticization
mechanism. Rheological and SAXS studies confirmed that the critical
temperature corresponding to the maximum worm gel viscosity could
be tuned from 2 to 50 °C by adjusting the PHBA DP. Such tunability
is expected to be useful for potential biomedical applications of
these worm gels.
We report a reactive polymer platform
for the rapid discovery of
strongly segregated diblock polymers that microphase separate into
well-defined morphologies with sub-5 nm features. Our strategy employs
reactive poly(styrene-block-2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone)
(SV) polymers with low degrees of polymerization (N), in which the V blocks undergo selective and quantitative reactions
with functional primary amines, to identify new poly(acrylamides)
that are highly immiscible with poly(styrene) and induce block polymer
self-assembly. Using a combination of optical birefringence and small-angle
X-ray scattering (SAXS), we characterize a library of 17 block polymers
produced by amine functionalization of four parent SV diblocks synthesized
by sequential RAFT polymerizations. We demonstrate that V block functionalization
with hydroxy- and methoxy-functional amines yields diblocks that order
into lamellar mesophases with half-pitches as small as 3.8 nm. Thus,
this azlactone-based reactive molecular platform enables combinatorial
generation of polymer libraries with diverse side chain structures
that may be rapidly screened to identify new high χ/low N systems for self-assembly at ever decreasing length scales.
We report synthetic
six-tailed mimics of the bacterial glycolipid
Lipid A that trigger changes in the internal ordering of water-dispersed
liquid crystal (LC) microdroplets at ultralow (picogram-per-milliliter)
concentrations. These molecules represent the first class of synthetic
amphiphiles to mimic the ability of Lipid A and bacterial endotoxins
to trigger optical responses in LC droplets at these ultralow concentrations.
This behavior stands in contrast to all previously reported synthetic
surfactants and lipids, which require near-complete monolayer coverage
at the LC droplet surface to trigger ordering transitions. Surface-pressure
measurements and SAXS experiments reveal these six-tailed synthetic
amphiphiles to mimic key aspects of the self-assembly of Lipid A at
aqueous interfaces and in solution. These and other results suggest
that these amphiphiles trigger orientational transitions at ultralow
concentrations through a unique mechanism that is similar to that
of Lipid A and involves formation of inverted self-associated nanostructures
at topological defects in the LC droplets.
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