The 6 systematic biopsies of the peripheral zone are inadequate and a minimum of 8, including the apex, mid lobar mid gland, lateral mid gland and lateral base, should routinely be performed.
These data indicate that surgical margin status is an independent predictor of PSA recurrence and secondary cancer treatment in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy as definitive local therapy for prostate cancer.
The addition of lateral peripheral zone biopsies increases the sensitivity for cancer detection while nearly eliminating the need for lesion directed biopsies.
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an oxidant-generating enzyme present in macrophages at atherosclerotic lesions and implicated in coronary artery disease (CAD). Although mouse models are important for investigating the role of MPO in atherosclerosis, neither mouse MPO nor its oxidation products are detected in lesions in murine models. To circumvent this problem, we generated transgenic mice expressing two functionally different human MPO alleles, with either G or A at position 2463, and crossed these to the LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR 2/2 ) mouse. The 2463G allele is linked to higher MPO expression and increased CAD incidence in humans. Both MPO alleles were expressed in a subset of lesions in high-fat-fed LDLR 2/2 mice, notably at necrotic lesions with cholesterol clefts. MPOGexpressing LDLR 2/2 males (but not females) developed significantly higher serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose, all correlating with increased weight gain/obesity, implicating MPO in lipid homeostasis. The MPOG-and MPOA-expressing LDLR 2/2 males also exhibited significantly larger aortic lesions than control LDLR 2/2 males. The human MPO transgenic model will facilitate studies of MPO involvement in atherosclerosis and lipid homeostasis.-Castellani, L. W., J. J. Chang, X. Wang, A. J. Lusis, and W. F. Reynolds. Transgenic mice express human MPO 2463G/A alleles at athrosclerotic lesions, developing hyperlipidemia and obesity in 2463G males. J. Lipid Res. 2006.
The prevalence of under grading and under staging in contemporary patients undergoing radical prostatectomy may be lower than previously reported. PSA at diagnosis, biopsy Gleason score and the percent of positive biopsies are important predictors of under staging. The percent of positive biopsies should be incorporated into risk assessment models of newly diagnosed prostate cancer.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.