In conclusion, the data demonstrate that events fall into two sets: prior events which are associated with errors of commission, drug reactions and lower preventability; and ED events which are associated with errors of omission, diagnostic issues and high preventability.
Objectives
To examine the nature, severity and outcomes of injuries sustained from ladder falls.
Design
Retrospective survey of medical records.
Patients and setting
Patients who presented after a fall from a ladder to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Victoria, between January 1994 and December 1997.
Main outcome measures
Demographic characteristics; height and mechanism of fall: injury site and Injury Severity Score (ISS); rate of hospital admissions.
Results
163 patients presented after ladder falls. They were aged 2.5 to 86 years (mean age, 48 years); 83% were male, and 78% were injured in non‐occupational settings. Almost half the accidents (43%) were caused by ladder instability (ladder sliding from position or tilting sideways). Most patients had mild or moderate injuries (usually of the extremities), but 13% had an ISS ≥ 16 (indicating severe trauma), usually with head, chest or spinal injuries; 42% were admitted to hospital. Multiple regression analyses showed that ISS increased signficantly with height of fall and age (P<0.05 for both), although a substantial amount of variation was not attributable to these variables. Likelihood of Hospital admission increased linearly with increasing ISS to an ISS of 8 and remained high thereafter.
Conclusions
Ladder falls resulted in significant morbidity, with men undertaking non‐occupational activities comprising most of those injured. New strategies to encourage safe ladder use are needed.
An equivalence is made between the exceptional points proposed by the field of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics and the dead band observed in laser gyroscopes. The sensitivity enhancement near this exceptional point is plagued by increased uncertainty due to broadening of the beat-note bandwidth. Also, near the dead band the gyroscope response is caused by Rabi intensity oscillations and not solely by a phase modulation. Finally, a distinction is made between conservative and non-conservative coupling.
The Fabry–Perot resonator is one of the most widely used optical
devices, enabling scientific and technological breakthroughs in
diverse fields including cavity quantum electrodynamics, optical
clocks, precision length metrology, and spectroscopy. Though resonator
designs vary widely, all high-end applications benefit from mirrors
with the lowest loss and highest finesse possible. Fabrication of the
highest-finesse mirrors relies on centuries-old mechanical polishing
techniques, which offer losses at the parts-per-million (ppm) level.
However, no existing fabrication techniques are able to produce
high-finesse resonators with the large range of mirror geometries
needed for scalable quantum devices and next-generation compact atomic
clocks. In this paper, we introduce a scalable approach to fabricate
mirrors with ultrahigh finesse (
≥
10
6
) and user-defined radius of curvature
spanning of four orders of magnitude (
10
−
4
−
10
0
m
). We employ photoresist reflow and
reactive ion etching to shape and transfer mirror templates onto a
substrate while maintaining sub-Angstrom roughness. This substrate is
coated with a dielectric stack and used to create arrays of compact
Fabry–Perot resonators with finesse values as high as 1.3 million and
measured excess loss
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