[Abstract unavailable

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Protein kinase Cs (PKCs) are a ubiquitous family of regulatory enzymes that associate with membranes and are activated by diacylglycerol or tumor-promoting agonists such as phorbol esters. The structure of the second activator-binding domain of PKC delta has been determined in complex with phorbol 13-acetate, which binds in a groove between two pulled-apart beta strands at the tip of the domain. The C3, C4, and C20 phorbol oxygens form hydrogen bonds with main-chain groups whose orientation is controlled by a set of highly conserved residues. Phorbol binding caps the groove and forms a contiguous hydrophobic surface covering one-third of the domain, explaining how the activator promotes insertion of PKC into membranes.

When internalized receptors and other cargo are destined for lysosomal degradation, they are ubiquitinated and sorted by the ESCRT complexes 0, I, II, and III into multivesicular bodies. Multivesicular bodies are formed when cargo-rich patches of the limiting membrane of endosomes bud inward by an unknown mechanism and are then cleaved to yield cargo-bearing intralumenal vesicles. The biogenesis of multivesicular bodies was reconstituted and visualized using giant unilamellar vesicles, fluorescent ESCRT-0, I, II, and III complexes, and a membrane-tethered fluorescent ubiquitin fusion as a model cargo. ESCRT-0 forms domains of clustered cargo but does not deform membranes. ESCRT-I and II in combination deform the membrane into buds, in which cargo is confined. ESCRT-I and II localize to the bud necks, and recruit ESCRT-0-ubiquitin domains to the buds. ESCRT-III subunits localize to the bud neck and efficiently cleave the buds to form intralumenal vesicles. Intralumenal vesicles produced in this reaction contain the model cargo but are devoid of ESCRTs. The observations explain how the ESCRTs direct membrane budding and scission from the cytoplasmic side of the bud without being consumed in the reaction.