Biocompatibility is an essential property for any vital pulp material that may interact with the dental pulp tissues. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the chemical composition and ultrastructural morphology of Biodentine (Septodont, Saint Maur-des-Fosses, France), ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Johnson City, TN, USA), and Bio-C Repair (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil), as well as their biological effects on human dental pulp cells. Chemical element characterization of the materials was undertaken using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The cytotoxicity was assessed by analyzing the cell viability (MTT assay), cell morphology (immunofluorescence assay), and cell attachment (flow cytometry assay). The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). EDX revealed that ProRoot MTA and Biodentine were mostly composed of calcium, carbon, and oxygen (among others), whereas Bio-C Repair evidenced a low concentration of calcium and the highest concentration of zirconium. SEM showed adequate attachment of human dental pulp cells (hDPCS) to vital pulp materials and cytoskeletal alterations were not observed in the presence of material eluates. Remarkably, the undiluted Biodentine group showed higher viability than the control group cells (without eluates) at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h (p < 0.001). Based on the evidence derived from an in vitro cellular study, it was concluded that Bio-C Repair showed excellent cytocompatibility that was similar to Biodentine and ProRoot MTA.
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralizing ability of three glass ionomers on demineralized dentin with different thicknesses and time periods. Fifty third molars were obtained and were sectioned into 1-, 2-, and 3-mm thick slices (n = 36 for each thickness). The specimens were demineralized with 18% EDTA for 2 h. From the glass ionomer cements (GICs) under study (Ketac Molar Aplicap, Equia Forte, or Riva Light Cure), 1 mm was placed over each slice, set, and preserved in PBS until observation after 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after placement. For each material, thickness, and time, three samples were prepared. Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), apatite formation was determined on the side opposite to that on which the material had been placed. By means of Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), the changes in the Calcium/Phosphate (Ca/P) ratio were evaluated. These changes were compared between the different materials by means of a two-way ANOVA test, considering time and dentin thickness, for a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: FTIR showed a peak at 1420 cm−1, evidencing the presence of carbonated hydroxyapatite in all the materials after 14 days, which indicates that a remineralization process occurred. Riva Light Cure showed the most homogeneous results at all depths at 28 days. The Ca/P ratio was maximum at 7 days in 2 mm of dentin for Riva Light Cure and Equia Forte HT (3.16 and 3.07; respectively) and for Ketac Molar at 14 days in 1 mm (3.67). All materials induced remineralization. Equia Forte achieved the greatest effect at 2 mm and Ketac Molar at 1 mm, whereas Riva Light Cure showed similar results at all depths. In terms of Ca/P ratio, Equia Forte and Riva Light Cure remineralized best at 2 mm, whereas for Ketac Molar, it was 1 mm. Carbonate apatite formation was higher at 24 h and 7 days for Ketac Molar, whereas it decreased at 14 days for Ketac Molar and peaked in Riva Light Cure and Equia Forte.
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptation of a resin-modified glass ionomer to the internal walls of dentin with different conditioning systems, with or without the application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI). Methods: Cervical standardized cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual sides of 15 extracted molars. Molars were then sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction, obtaining two samples from each tooth with two cavities each (60 samples). Samples were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20). Each group was divided into two subgroups. One subgroup did not receive dentin conditioning, one was conditioned with 25% polyacrylic acid—10 s (PA), and one with 37% orthophosphoric acid—5 s (OPA). In the other subgroup, dentine was treated with SDF/KI and not conditioned or conditioned with PA or OPA. All cavities were filled with Riva Light Cure® (RLC). The adaptation of the RLC to the cavity walls was evaluated by SEM at 100× magnification. The area of maximum interfacial gap was magnified at 1000× to measure its size. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U test were used for comparison. A significance level of α = 0.05 was used. Results: No significant differences in the percentage of well-adapted samples were found in subgroups when SDF/KI was used, regardless of whether conditioner was used or not and whether PA or OPA was used (p > 0.05). Regardless of the gap size, dentin treatment with SDF/KI did not negatively influence ionomer adaptation to dentin walls significantly (p > 0.05), except for the subgroup conditioned with OPA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, it improved the adaptation in the axial wall of the subgroup without dentin conditioning (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present in vitro study, the use of SDF/KI did not affect RLC adaptation to the cavity walls. Subsequent use of a conditioner worsens the adaptation of the material to the cavity walls.
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