The development of Tcalia (--Urticina) crassiconiis (Miiller, 1776) has been studied by Appellof (1900) who reported that in Europe this species releases its gametes freely into the sea and the larval development is independent of the adult. Hand (1955) reported this species as being a brooder. In this paper we present
Pcachia. quinquecapitata McMurrich ( 1913 ) is a burrowing anemone of the family Haloclavidae found on the Pacific coast of North America.McMurrich described the adult /'. quinquecapitata and also indicated that a larval anemone parasitic on the hydromedusa Acqnorca probably belonged to this same species. However, since he could not raise one to the adult, non-parasitic stage, he placed it in the genus Bicidhtin. created by Agassiz (1859) for a parasite of a scyphozoan medusa on the Atlantic coast of North America. Xyholm (1949) discussed the possible dispersal mechanisms available to burrowing anemones such as Halcatuha and Pcachia. He cited reports in the literature concerning the development and parasitic habits of Pea-chia and concluded that members of this genus are not obligate parasites, but that eggs or larval anemones attaching to medusae by chance would provide for species dispersal. He noted the paucity of information on the life cycle of this genus, particularly concerning the initiation of parasitism and the nature of the parasitic relationship. The research reported here represents an attempt to provide this information.
The Actiniidae is the largest and most diverse of the families of sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). In addition to the morphological diversity within this family, there is considerable diversity in larval development. The Actiniidae are generally considered to be highly advanced anemones, although Hand ( 1966) has argued that this family should be considered primitive.
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