The evolution of the products from the catalytic hydrogenation (Rh/Al203) of the five isomeric diene derivatives of 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene ( 9) is compared with the formation of the observable cyclohexene intermediates and the saturated products from arene 9 to determine which diene (or dienes), upon adsorption on the catalyst, best represents the structure of the intermediate(s) formed in the rate-determining surface reaction of the arene. Although the comparison indicates that little or no diene is desorbed during the hydrogenation of the arene, the observed competitive reactivity of the dienes, their interconversions, and the products of hydrogen addition indicate that the preferred reaction path for the hydrogenation of the arene proceeds via the addition of the first hydrogen atom to a tert-butyl-substituted carbon atom. Relative to cyclohexene, the rates of conversion of 1,5-di-tert-butyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene (13), 1,3-di-tert-butyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene (11), arene 9, and cyclohexene at 30 °C and 0.88 atm of H2 are 3.8:2.7:2.6 X 10"2:1.00. Under these conditions the turnover number of cyclohexene is 0.40 mol s-1 (mol of surface Rh)"1.In exploring the mechanism of the rhodium-catalyzed evidence of the structure and reactivity of the intermehydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons we have sought diates that may effect the rate and, particularly, the
Deepwater Gulf of Mexico wells that exhibit liquid loading and subsea flowlines that suffer fluid slugging are both common issues that have historically been difficult to mitigate without expensive hardware changes or deferral of production. A novel black oil foamer (BOF) chemical technology has shown to be able to mitigate liquid loading, increase production, and reduce fluid slugging in both dry tree wells, subsea wells, and subsea flowlines.
This presentation will detail three example cases where the black oil foamer technology was utilized successfully. For the first example case, liquid loading was the primary issue leading to shortened production time between shut-ins, causing slugging, and reduced overall production rates. For the second example, significant slugging was experienced in an 18-mile subsea tieback to the point that the field would be shut in for topside vessel level controller issues. The final case trialed different well lineups that would historically cause severe slugging in an 11 mile subsea tieback.
In the first example, the benefits of using the black oil foamer included increased oil production and greatly improved well uptime, as well as significantly reducing slugging. The benefits demonstrated in the second and third examples were a significant reduction in slugging, allowing the field to operate with minimal shut-in risk and reducing equipment damage.
Novel & Additive Information
All three examples have proven the concept of using the black oil foamer chemistry to manage liquid loading and slugging risks in deepwater applications in an economically advantageous way.
Supplementary Material Available: Electron micrographs showing the PS-Pd, PS-b-Pd, and PS-anthracene-Pd catalysts (Figure 1), a tabular comparison of the yields and reaction times for decarbonylation of aldehydes by and 1% Pd/C (Table III), and a tabular summary of the effect of functional groups on polystyrene on hydrogenation of 1-octene by palladium/polystyrene catalysts (Table V) (3 pages). Ordering information is given on any current masthead page.
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