This study examined the immediate effects of neurologic music therapy (NMT) on cognitive functioning and emotional adjustment with brain-injured persons. Four treatment sessions were held, during which participants were given a pre-test, participated in 30 min of NMT that focused on one aspect of rehabilitation (attention, memory, executive function, or emotional adjustment), which was followed by post-testing. Control participants engaged in a pre-test, 30 min of rest, and then a post-test. Treatment participants showed improvement in executive function and overall emotional adjustment, and lessening of depression, sensation seeking, and anxiety. Control participants improved in emotional adjustment and lessening of hostility, but showed decreases in measures of memory, positive affect, and sensation seeking.

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In a 2 × 2 experimental design, communication sources were given an expectation of the response (positive or negative) they might receive from a group of listeners. As they delivered persuasive messages, they were administered positive or negative nonverbal response by a trained audience. The sources’ attitudes toward their own performances and toward the receivers were measured. As predicted, sources who expected positive response but received negative response apparently restored balance by devaluing their performances, while sources who expected negative response but received positive response apparently restored balance by evaluating the receivers favorably. Cognitive balance theory was generally successful in predicting attitudes of communication sources in a setting where receiver response was manipulated.