Breast cancer is a global disease and incidence continues to rise especially in the sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, breast cancer is currently the most common malignancy. This study aimed at describing the pattern of breast cancers in Maiduguri and to determine if there is any significant changing trend of frequency. This is a retrospective review data of breast cancers between 2001 and 2005 in the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Cancer Registry. A total of 1,216 cases of cancers were registered within the study period and breast cancer accounted for 13.9%. There were 490 breast biopsy specimens and breast cancer accounted for 34.5%. There were 161 females and 8 males breast cancer within the study period giving a F:M ratio 20:1. There were four cases of bilateral breast cancers. The age ranges between 17 and 85 years and the peak age group was 40-49 years which accounted for 61 cases (36.1%). The commonest histologic type of breast cancer was invasive ductal carcinoma which accounted for 82.6%; invasive lobular (6.6%); medullary (4.3%); colloid (1.7%); papillary (1.1%); and others (5.1%). In conclusion, breast cancer is on the increase in our environment and therefore there is need for public enlightenment, screening all women at risk, early detection of the lesion, and proper management in our health institution.

Summary Background Risk of mortality following surgery in patients across Africa is twice as high as the global average. Most of these deaths occur on hospital wards after the surgery itself. We aimed to assess whether enhanced postoperative surveillance of adult surgical patients at high risk of postoperative morbidity or mortality in Africa could reduce 30-day in-hospital mortality. Methods We did a two-arm, open-label, cluster-randomised trial of hospitals (clusters) across Africa. Hospitals were eligible if they provided surgery with an overnight postoperative admission. Hospitals were randomly assigned through minimisation in recruitment blocks (1:1) to provide patients with either a package of enhanced postoperative surveillance interventions (admitting the patient to higher care ward, increasing the frequency of postoperative nursing observations, assigning the patient to a bed in view of the nursing station, allowing family members to stay in the ward, and placing a postoperative surveillance guide at the bedside) for those at high risk (ie, with African Surgical Outcomes Study Surgical Risk Calculator scores ≥10) and usual care for those at low risk (intervention group), or for all patients to receive usual postoperative care (control group). Health-care providers and participants were not masked, but data assessors were. The primary outcome was 30-day in-hospital mortality of patients at low and high risk, measured at the participant level. All analyses were done as allocated (by cluster) in all patients with available data. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03853824 . Findings Between May 3, 2019, and July 27, 2020, 594 eligible hospitals indicated a desire to participate across 33 African countries; 332 (56%) were able to recruit participants and were included in analyses. We allocated 160 hospitals (13 275 patients) to provide enhanced postoperative surveillance and 172 hospitals (15 617 patients) to provide standard care. The mean age of participants was 37·1 years (SD 15·5) and 20 039 (69·4%) of 28 892 patients were women. 30-day in-hospital mortality occurred in 169 (1·3%) of 12 970 patients with mortality data in the intervention group and in 193 (1·3%) of 15 242 patients with mortality data in the control group (relative risk 0·96, 95% CI 0·69–1·33; p=0·79). 45 (0·2%) of 22 031 patients at low risk and 309 (5·6%) of 5500 patients at high risk died. No harms associated with either intervention were reported. Interpretation This intervention package did not decrease 30-day in-hospital mortality among surgical patients in Africa at high risk of postoperative morbidity or mortality. Further research is needed to develop interventions that prevent death from surgical complications in resource-limited hospitals across Africa. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Federati...

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of L-arginine supplementation of drinking water on the kidney and liver of Sasso chickens. The study comprised 297 mixed sex Sasso chickens of twelve-weeks old raised in floor pens; the birds were randomly distributed into three treatments and three replicates with thirty-three birds per replicate. The design of the experiment is the completely randomized design (CRD). The birds were fed grower's mash and given different treatment of 0 mg/L (Treatment A at 0% supplementation), 167 mg/L (Treatment B at 50% supplementation), and 334 mg/L (Treatment C at 100% supplementation) of L-arginine supplement in drinking water of 9 L per replicate daily for a period of five consecutive weeks, after which the birds were decapitated. The kidney and liver were removed and taken to histopathology laboratory for histological analysis. The chickens administered 0 mg/L L-arginine (0%) supplementation was without lesions. However, kidney and liver of chickens that received 167 mg/L (50%) and 334 mg/L (100%) supplementation showed explicit damage. There was congestion of the vascular channels in the kidneys and liver of birds that received 167 mg/L of L-arginine and destruction of the glomeruli and tubules in the kidney and peri portal mononuclear inflammatory infiltration in the liver of those given 334 mg/L of L-arginine. This could possibly be a result of the over-expression of nitric oxide which is a vasodilator. These present findings showed that supplementing the diets of Sasso chickens with L-arginine of 50 and 100% have detrimental effect on the structure and functions of the kidney and liver.

No abstract