Wound healing involves a complex series of biochemical events and has traditionally been managed with 'low tech' dressings and bandages. The concept that diagnostic and theranostic sensors can complement wound management is rapidly growing in popularity as there is tremendous potential to apply this technology to both acute and chronic wounds. Benefits in sensing the wound environment include reduction of hospitalization time, prevention of amputations and better understanding of the processes which impair healing. This review discusses the state-of-the-art in detection of markers associated with wound healing and infection, utilizing devices imbedded within dressings or as point-of-care techniques to allow for continual or rapid wound assessment and monitoring. Approaches include using biological or chemical sensors of wound exudates and volatiles to directly or indirectly detect bacteria, monitor pH, temperature, oxygen and enzymes. Spectroscopic and imaging techniques are also reviewed as advanced wound monitoring techniques. The review concludes with a discussion of the limitations of and future directions for this field.

This study investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. work-matched moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MOD) on metabolism and counterregulatory stress hormones. In a randomized and counterbalanced order, 10 well-trained male cyclists and triathletes completed a HIIT session [81.6 Ϯ 3.7% maximum oxygen consumption (V O2 max); 72.0 Ϯ 3.2% peak power output; 792 Ϯ 95 kJ] and a MOD session (66.7 Ϯ 3.5% V O2 max; 48.5 Ϯ 3.1% peak power output; 797 Ϯ 95 kJ). Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 1 and 2 h postexercise. Carbohydrate oxidation was higher (P ϭ 0.037; 20%), whereas fat oxidation was lower (P ϭ 0.037; Ϫ47%) during HIIT vs. MOD. Immediately after exercise, plasma glucose (P ϭ 0.024; 20%) and lactate (P Ͻ 0.01; 5.4ϫ) were higher in HIIT vs. MOD, whereas total serum free fatty acid concentration was not significantly different (P ϭ 0.33). Targeted gas chromatography-mass spectromtery metabolomics analysis identified and quantified 49 metabolites in plasma, among which 11 changed after both HIIT and MOD, 13 changed only after HIIT, and 5 changed only after MOD. Notable changes included substantial increases in tricarboxylic acid intermediates and monounsaturated fatty acids after HIIT and marked decreases in amino acids during recovery from both trials. Plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (P ϭ 0.019), cortisol (P Ͻ 0.01), and growth hormone (P Ͻ 0.01) were all higher immediately after HIIT. Plasma norepinephrine (P ϭ 0.11) and interleukin-6 (P ϭ 0.20) immediately after exercise were not significantly different between trials. Plasma insulin decreased during recovery from both HIIT and MOD (P Ͻ 0.01). These data indicate distinct differences in specific metabolites and counterregulatory hormones following HIIT vs. MOD and highlight the value of targeted metabolomic analysis to provide more detailed insights into the metabolic demands of exercise. exercise intensity; metabolites; stress hormones; amino acids; free fatty acids; tricarboxylic acid intermediates INTEREST IN HIGH-INTENSITY exercise as an effective mode of exercise training has intensified over the past decade in recognition of three main factors that are commonly cited as limitations to regular physical activity: lack of time, lack of motivation, and chronic diseases that restrict work capacity during exercise (64). This type of training generally consists of relatively brief, intermittent exercise performed either at "allout" effort or at intensities close to maximum oxygen consumption (V O 2 max ) (16). The body of literature supporting the health and fitness benefits of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is expanding. So too is our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that accompany adaptations to this form of training (19).Improved metabolism is integral to the benefits of HIIT. Carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation increases with exercise intensity, whereas fat oxidation increases during exercise up to 65-75% V O 2 max and decreases at higher workloads (52, 60). Exercise also stimulates amino ...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mammalian cell-derived nano-scale structures enclosed by a lipid bilayer that were previously considered to be cell debris with little biological value. However, EVs are now recognized to possess biological function, acting as a packaging, transport and delivery mechanisms by which functional molecules (i.e., miRNAs) can be transferred to target cells over some distance. To examine the miRNA from keratinocyte-derived EVs, we isolated three distinct populations of EVs from both HaCaT and primary human keratinocytes (PKCs) and characterized their biophysical, biochemical and functional features by using microscopy, immunoblotting, nanoparticle tracking, and next generation sequencing. We identified 1,048; 906; and 704 miRNAs, respectively, in apoptotic bodies (APs), microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (EXs) released from HaCaT, and 608; 506; and 622 miRNAs in APs, MVs and EXs released from PKCs. In which, there were 623 and 437 identified miRNAs common to three HaCaT-derived EVs and PKC-derived EVs, respectively. In addition, we found hundreds of exosomal miRNAs that were previously un-reported. Differences in the abundance levels of the identified EV miRNAs could discriminate between the three EV populations. These data contribute substantially to knowledge within the EV-identified miRNA database, especially with regard to keratinocyte-derived EV miRNA content.

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Results obtained indicate that this approach significantly improves separation of proteins present in low concentrations in CWF. This will facilitate the identification of biomarkers in samples collected from patients with ulcers and lead to improved patient therapies and wound care approaches.

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α-Amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) may have a role in nonceliac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) and celiac disease (CD), but the ATI content and diversity across a range of wheat cultivars are not well characterized. Discovery proteomics was used to detect ATIs across two wheat cultivars: Chara and Magenta. Comprehensive mapping of detected ATIs with the ATIs from the recently published wheat genome RefSeq v1.0 shows the presence of three major subclasses: monomeric (9%), dimeric (61%), and chloroform−methanol (CM) type (30%). Subsequently, the level of 18 ATI isoforms (63 peptides) grouped into four subtypes was monitored across 15 commercial wheat cultivars and the eight parental lines from a multiparent advancedgeneration intercross (MAGIC) population using liquid chromatography−multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (LC−MRM-MS). The ATI content of wheat cultivars Janz, Sunvale, Diamond Bird, and Longreach Scout was significantly lower than that of other wheat cultivars. The MAGIC parental cultivars Baxter and Xiaoyan 54 contain higher levels (∼115% relative to the average wheat ATI content), whereas cultivar Pastor contained the lowest levels (∼87%). Comprehensive sequence analysis, annotation, chromosomal locations, and epitope mapping enabled us to build an LC− MRM-MS method to monitor and quantify the immunostimulatory ATI proteins potentially related to NCWS, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders. This provides an opportunity to select wheat cultivars with significantly lower levels of ATIs.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted immense research interest in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to be cultured for successive passages and multi-lineage differentiation. The molecular mechanisms governing MSC self-renewal and differentiation remain largely unknown. The development of sophisticated techniques, in particular clinical proteomics, has enabled researchers in various fields to identify and characterize cell specific biomarkers for therapeutic purposes. This study seeks to understand the cellular and sub-cellular processes responsible for the existence of stem cell populations in bone marrow samples by revealing the whole cell proteome of the clonal cultures of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs). Protein profiling of the MSC clonal populations was conducted by Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography/Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry (MS). A total of 83 proteins were identified with high confidence of which 11 showed differential expression between subpopulations, which included cytoskeletal and structural proteins, calcium binding proteins, cytokinetic proteins, and members of the intermediate filament family. This study generated a proteome reference map of BMSCs from the clonal populations, which will be valuable to better understand the underlying mechanism of BMSC self-renewal and differentiation.