Suharto's New Order rule has ended with various political and economic dynamics and a vision of progressive development every five years. Suharto's New Order government became authoritarian for the sake of stability built in all regions of Indonesia, utilizing various power networks such as the military, businessmen, and oligarchs, and using Golkar as a political “boat” in every election. After the fall of Suharto, the remnants of elements of power and the oligarchs still existed in the reform era until the current Jokowi administration. The data was obtained through a literature study, a literature review, and in-depth interviews with a qualitative approach. The number of informants who were met was four informants. In addition, the views of scholars who are referred to are also to strengthen the arguments of the ideas that are designed and compiled. In analyzing, this article emphasizes inductive patterns or patterns of relationships between theoretical, conceptual, and empirical relationships. This article identifies how the transformation of the political and business elites, or the classical oligarchy that once lived forever in the New Order era, adjusted the situation and conditions of the political regime. In addition, this paper also shows that there is a phase of elite adjustment that impacts the emergence of a new style of authoritarianism in Indonesia. This article is to see how the elites adjusted themselves after the “Reformasi” in Indonesia with various political maneuvers, either involving themselves in the government or becoming trend setters outside the government until the Jokowi administration era.
In the context of politics and elections in Terengganu, Malay community response against the non-dominant political party other than UMNO and PAS are less encouraging. This can be seen based on election results in Terengganu from 1959 until the year 2013. Although other parties such as the National Party, the Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46) and Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) to participate and won several seats in elections in Terengganu, but support on the party is inconsistent as well as the support provided to the party UMNO and PAS. This factor driven by the level of development of the State of Terengganu, which slowly makes the approach of the campaign of a simple logic and approach for immediate consumption, are more easily accepted and practical in attracting the support of the people. The culture has played an important role in guaranteeing victory UMNO in Terengganu from the year 1961 until 1995 with so comfortable. Even so, the Malay political culture has changed the string of political unrest that occurred in 1998. The unrest has led to the rise of civil awareness. Reform movement aimed at alerting citizens formed to demand the freedom of better democracy, economic reforms and social changes also. Change of political culture in Malaysia post PRU to-10 can also be associated with rational choice theory. Malay society becomes more rational in particular in the context of the selection of leaders. Economic development will no longer be the sole factor in providing adherence to the ruler. Malays also impose certain conditions that must be evaluated and interpreted again before you give loyalty and support to the ruling. Malay community in Terengganu today no longer simply give their loyalty to the government but has changed by giving priority to matters that are not of a material such as good governance, administrative transparency, a fair and balanced development as well as other civil claims of a universal. Keywords: Rational Choice Theory, Malay Political Culture. ABSTRAK: Dalam konteks politik dan pilihan raya di Terengganu, sambutan masyarakat Melayu Terengganu terhadap parti politik bukan dominan selain UMNO dan PAS adalah kurang menggalakkan. Hal ini dapat dilihat berdasarkan keputusan pilihan raya di Terengganu dari tahun 1959 sehingga tahun 2013. Meskipun parti-parti lain seperti Parti Negara, Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46) dan Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) turut terlibat dan memenangi beberapa kerusi dalam pilihan raya di Terengganu, namun sokongan yang diberikan ke atas parti tersebut tidak konsisten sepertimana sokongan yang diberikan kepada parti UMNO dan PAS. Faktor ini banyak didorong oleh tahap pembangunan negeri Terengganu yang perlahan menjadikan pendekatan kempen yang bersifat simple logic dan pendekatan for immediate consumption lebih mudah diterima dan praktikal dalam menarik sokongan rakyat. Budaya tersebut telah memainkan peranan penting dalam menjamin kemenangan UMNO di Terengganu dari tahun 1961 sehingga 1995 dengan begitu selesa. Walaupun begitu, budaya politik Melayu telah berubah rentetan daripada pergolakan politik yang berlaku pada tahun 1998. Pergolakan tersebut telah membawa kepada kebangkitan kesedaran sivil. Gerakan Reformasi dibentuk bertujuan untuk menyedarkan rakyat untuk menuntut kebebasan demokrasi yang lebih baik, pembaharuan ekonomi dan juga perubahan social. Perubahan budaya politik di Malaysia pasca PRU ke-10 juga boleh dikaitkan dengan teori pilihan rasional. Masyarakat Melayu menjadi lebih rasional khususnya dalam konteks pemilihan pemimpin. Pembangunan ekonomi tidak lagi menjadi faktor tunggal dalam memberikan kepatuhan kepada pemerintah. Masyarakat Melayu turut mengenakan syarat-syarat tertentu yang perlu dinilai dan ditafsirkan semula sebelum memberikan ketaatsetiaan dan sokongan kepada pemerintah. Ketaatsetiaan tidak lagi diberikan secara semberono bahkan telah berubah daripada nilai materialis yang mementingkan kemewahan dan kemajuan kebendaan kepada kecenderungan baru dengan memberi keutamaan kepada perkara-perkara yang tidak bersifat materialis seperti urustadbir yang baik, ketelusan pentadbiran, pembangunan yang adil dan seimbang serta tuntutan-tuntutan siviliti lain yang bersifat sejagat. Kata kunci: Teori Pilihan Rasional, Budaya Politik Melayu.
This study discusses the transition of political culture of Terengganu Malay community which began from the time of the Malay Sultanate until the 13 th general election. Political culture of the traditional Malay society was feudal in nature. Sovereignty in the traditional Malay politics became absolute monarchs and nobility. The people claimed to shed completely loyal to the ruler. However, after independence, UMNO did often act as sultan in the modern era. This is because UMNO is the most powerful party in the context of Malaysian politics. UMNO often highlight his image as protector to the Malay interests through its economic development policies. Malays support for UMNO very strong and dominant. However four series of elections in Terengganu in 1999Terengganu in , 2004Terengganu in , 2008Terengganu in and 2013 Malay political culture has entered a new politic when UMNO is no longer dominant in Terengganu. Both parties namely UMNO and PAS in particular have the opportunity to shape a balanced government in Terengganu.
This study is about the political culture of the Malays. It discusses the changes in the political culture of the Malays in Terengganu manifested after the occurrence of an event of dismissal of Deputy Prime Minister and Deputy President of UMNO who was Anwar Ibrahim on 2 September 1998. The dismissal has produced a wave of resistance in particular from Malays who disclosed this item for a period of time relatively long until and after the general elections of 1999. General Election 1999 has been highlighting a shift support from UMNO to opposition parties that is so obvious. UMNO suffered the worst performance in the election. This study is also done based on the occurrence of the pattern of voting uncertainty shown in four series of the last elections in Terengganu from 1999 until 2013. This is because the convergence of two Islam-Malay based parties namely UMNO and PAS are very intense. Based on election results post 10th General Election shows that the Terengganu State is no longer secure to any political party contesting the election. Each party is seen to have a chance of a balance to form Government in Terengganu. Findings show that development can act as catalyst for the formation of Malay political culture prior and post 10th General Election. In the post 10th General Election, the Malay communities are aware that development does not suggest that people live in comfort but justice should come together. Other than that, the Malay community in Terengganu do not only uphold the values of Islam, Malay and development but they also embrace other values that can keep pace with current political development. Thus, the need for other values such as justice in new politics is indispensable for political transformation. Keywords: Transformation, Political Culture, Malay Political Culture, New Politics. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini adalah satu kajian mengenai budaya politik Melayu. Ia membincangkan transformasi budaya politik masyarakat Melayu di Terengganu yang dimanifestasikan selepas terjadinya peristiwa pemecatan Anwar Ibrahim pada 2 September 1998. Pemecatan tersebut telah melahirkan satu gelombang penentangan masyarakat Melayu Terengganu terhadap UMNO-BN. Penentangan tersebut dapat dilihat menerusi anjakan sokongan masyarakat Melayu daripada UMNO-BN kepada parti oposisi yang lain dengan begitu jelas khususnya PAS. UMNO telah mengalami prestasi terburuknya dalam pilihan raya tersebut. Kajian ini juga dilakukan berdasarkan kepada berlakunya pola ketidaktentuan pengundian yang ditunjukkan dalam empat siri pilihan raya yang terakhir di Terengganu melibatkan PRU tahun 1999, 2004, 2008 dan PRU tahun 2013. Hal ini kerana pertembungan dua parti Melayu-Islam utama iaitu UMNO dan PAS sangat sengit. Keputusan pilihan raya pasca PRU-10 menunjukkan bahawa Terengganu bukan lagi menjadi negeri selamat buat mana-mana parti politik yang bertanding. Setiap parti dilihat mempunyai peluang yang seimbang untuk membentuk kerajaan di Terengganu. Hasil kajian menunjukan bahawa pembangunan merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi pembentukan budaya politik Melayu di Terengganu sebelum dan selepas PRU ke-10. Namun begitu pasca PRU ke-10 masyarakat Melayu mula melihat bahawa pembangunan bukan lagi semata-mata mengecapi nikmat keselesaan malahan mesti turut disepadukan dengan prinsip keadilan. Pengundi berkecenderungan untuk bertindak dengan memberikan tindakbalas yang negatif kepada kerajaan sekiranya dasar atau pembangunan yang dibawa oleh kerajaan tidak memberikan hasil atau faedah ekonomi kepada pengundi dan sebaliknya. Selain itu juga masyarakat Melayu Terengganu juga tidak lagi hanya mementingkan nilai-nilai yang berkait dengan ketuanan Melayu, Islam dan pembangunan semata-mata malahan telah mengambil satu nilai yang baru selaras dengan perkembangan politik semasa. Keperluan terhadap nilai-nilai dalam politik baru seperti keadilan adalah releven dan diterima serta mempengaruhi transformasi budaya politik mereka. Kata kunci: Transformasi, Budaya Politik, Budaya Politik Melayu, Budaya Politik Baru.
The dynamics of the relationship between politics and business ahead of the 15th General Election in Malaysia is very interesting to be analyzed. The fall of Barisan Nasional (BN) in the previous 14th General Election has ended the dominance of the coalition of parties that dominated the accumulation and concentration of wealth at the federal level through the practice of patronage politics in Malaysia since independence. In addition to ending BN’s dominance, GE-14 also opened critical awareness among the masses about political funding and the relationship between politics and business, especially following the biggest kleptocracy scandals in history, namely 1MDB and Najib Razak. Through secondary data, this study analyzes the relationship between politics and business through the perspective of the elite who lead the parties in the 15th General Election. The findings of the relationship between the political elite and business are analyzed through the aspects of direct ownership of the political elite in private companies, ownership of the political elite in government-linked companies (GLC), ownership of the closest family members of the political elite in private companies and GLCs, as well as ownership of the closest friends of the political elite in private companies and GLC. This study also reflects the implications of the relationship between the political elite and business from the point of view of the equality of political funding which is quite critical for fair political competition in a democratic system.
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