Islamic Socialism was the concept propounded by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto during the 1970-71 general election campaign. This ideology was new to Pakistani state as the country was founded on the concept of the Two Nation Theory. Mr. Bhutto's ideology in Pakistan was viewed as against the basic concept of the religion (Islam) by the Islamists parties. The Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) was the main political opponent of his ideology. Mr. Bhutto believed that the socio-economic condition of the country was deteriorated and this new ideology will infuse a better life for everyone in the country. On the other hand, the Amir (chief) of the JI, Maulana Maudoodi, believed it as an atheist ideology and would diminish Islam from Pakistan. This paper is designed to investigate why political elites envisaged such ideology i.e. Islamic Socialism, in 1970 election? Whether this new ideology changed economic conditions of the common man as was envisaged or further worsened the political situation in the country? Further, the paper will investigate what role religious parties played particularly the JI, in countering the Islamic Socialism ideology which it was believed as atheist ideology?
The Washington and Moscow relations deteriorated culminated to the worst during 1962, on the issue of missiles which is commonly known as the Cuban Missile Crisis (CMC) in history. The crisis culminated to the brink of nuclear war between both superpowers. It can be said that it was the part of the Cold War Doctrine in which Cuba played a vital role. It was the head of the Cuba, Mr Fidel Castro who instigated this event which culminated to the brink of the war (nuclear) between the USA and the United Soviets Socialist Republic (USSR). The USSR aim in engaging in the CMC had multi-purposes. The US believed that it would be simple to remove Mr Castro from the political power through various means. However, all the US efforts to remove Castro from the Cuban government failed utterly. Fidel Castro's popularity became more apparent when he sided with the Soviets Union. His government challenged the US and brought the Soviet Union close to pressurise Washington to get a good political deal. This paper, therefore, is designed to understand the political situation of the three countries and their political leadership role in averting the nuclear disaster in the region. Further, it is investigated that to what extent the installation of the Nuclear Missiles in Cuba succumbed to the political disturbance in Washington.
The United Kingdom had ruled nearly the whole world. It is said that the sun never sets on the British Empire. The emergence of World War I and II weaken the power of Britain as a dominate colony of the world. However, by the end of WW-II, the US emerged as the newly famous, powerful country in the world. During the WW-II, the UK and the USA developed close cooperation. The relationship of both countries developed to such an extent that the Prime Minster W.D. Churchill called it the Special Relationship between UK-USA. The special relationship between both nations continued after the end of WW-II. It was believed that the bond of relationship is so strong that it cannot be rifted. It was right considering the close cooperation between both countries during the WW-II and aftermaths. However, the incident of the Suez Canal in 1956, completely changed the scenario. The tension between both states appeared over the Suez Crisis. This historical analysis is made to understand to what extent the special relationship was strong? Moreover, what went wrong during the Suez Crisis that shattered the special relationship between UK-USA. Was the Suez debacle of 1956, served as the litmus test paper in examining the special relationship?
Muhammad Iqbal was not a professional politician but at certain stages of his life he showed a keen interest in the politics of the sub-continent. Even in the area, he handled many complex problems with remarkable insight and left a permanent mark on the events which molded the destiny of the million. His participation in the political issues of the day was based on sincerely and conviction. He cherished peace and orders more than anything else in life. In order to understand the various aspects of Iqbal's political career, it is essential to make a brief review of the contemporary political scene, when Iqbal turned his attention towards the political and constitutional problems which were ultimately to shape the future of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.
The Present study explores the economic impacts of madrasssas ,on the people associted with the madrassa education system,in larkana division,the madrassa education system is the centuries old but still exisits today in same poisition it is due to lack of interest of government to reform and join this education category with mainstream education system,but inspite of that today madrasaa education is the main source of income in less privileged areas and main source of income in lower class.madrasssa helps to promote education and economy .
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