Biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UKMP14T was optimized by growing the isolate in mineral salt medium (MSM) supplemented with 1% (v/v) glycerol and 1.3 g/L ammonium sulphate with C/N ratio of 14:1. The culture medium was incubated at 37°C, with an agitation speed of 150 rpm for 7 days. P. aeruginosa UKMP14T produced biosurfactant at 0.8 g/L after 7 days incubation. Anthrone assay proved biosurfactant was glycolipid. The biosurfactant was characterized by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) in addition to Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The SEM-EDX analysis indicated the presence of carbon and oxygen elements by 78% and 22% (atomic %), respectively. FT-IR absorption spectra indicated the functional groups of rhamnolipid were located at 3308. 46, 2922.91, 2857.09 and 1730.96 cm -1 . ESI-MS/MS analyses identified P. aeruginosa UKMP14T produced rhamnolipid with two fatty acids-nine congeners, L-rhamnosyl-L-rhamnosyl-β-hydroxydecanoyl-β-hydroxydecanoate (Rha-Rha-C 10 -C 10 ) (m/z 649) which formed the main compound. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of this rhamnolipid was established at 30 mg/L (32 dynes/cm). The characteristics of biosurfactant produced by P. aeruginosa UKMP14T indicated it has a high potential in industrial dan bioremediation application. Keywords: biosurfactant, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, rhamnolipid, spectroscopic analysis, CMC value AbstrakBiosurfaktan dihasilkan oleh Pseudomonas aeruginosa UKMP14T dioptimumkan dalam medium garam mineral (MSM) yang ditambahkan dengan 1% (i/i) gliserol dan 1.3 g/L ammonium sulfat dengan nisbah C/N iaitu 14:1. Medium kultur ini dieram pada 37°C, dengan kelajuan goncangan pada 150 psm selama 7 hari. P. aeruginosa UKMP14T menghasilkan biosurfaktan sebanyak 0.8 g/L selepas 7 hari pengeraman. Asai antron membuktikan biosurfaktan terhasil adalah glikolipid. Biosurfaktan tersebut dicirikan oleh mikroskop pengimbasan elektron-spektroskopi tenaga serakan sinaran-X (SEM-EDX), dengan penambahan Infra-merah transformasi Fourier (FT-IR), resonan magnetik nuklear (NMR) daknn spektrometri jisim-pengionan elektrosemburan (ESI-MS). Analisis SEM-EDX menunjukkan kehadiran unsur karbon dan oksigen masing-masing sebanyak 78% dan 22% (% atomik). Spektrum penyerapan FT-IR menunjukkan kumpulan berfungsi ramnolipid pada 3308.46, 2922.91, 2857.09 dan 1730.96 cm -1 . Analisis ESI-MS/MS mengenalpasti P. aeruginosa UKMP14T menghasilkan ramnolipid dengan sembilan kongener-dua asid lemak, L-ramnosil-L-ramnosil-β-hidroksidekanoil-β-hidroksidekanoat (Rha-Rha-C 10 -C 10 ) (m/z 649) sebagai sebatian utama. Kepekatan misel kritikal (CMC) ramnolipid ini dikesan pada 30 mg/L (32 dynes/cm). Ciri-ciri biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan oleh P. aeruginosa UKMP14T menunjukkan ia mempunyai potensi tinggi untuk di aplikasi dalam industri dan bioremediasi.
The contamination of dental unit water lines (DUWL) is an emerging concern in dentistry. The aim of this study was to use an in vitro DUWL to model microbial contamination and evaluate the decontamination efficacy of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) solutions. A DUWL biofilm model used to simulate clinical conditions was used to generate a range of biofilms in DUWL. Three distinct biofilms were generated: (1) biofilm from water, (2) biofilm from a mix of water + contaminating human commensal bacteria, (3) biofilm from water with contaminating oral bacteria added after biofilm formed. The contaminating oral species used were Streptococcus oralis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Decontamination by simple water flushing or flushing with TAED was evaluated (2, 5 and 10 min intervals). The DUWL tubes were split and samples were plated onto a range of media, incubated and bacteria enumerated. Water flushing did not reduce the number of microorganisms detected. Bacteria were not detected from any of the TAED sampling points for any of the biofilm types tested. Interestingly, if contamination was introduced to new DUWL along with the waterborne species a biofilm was formed containing only the waterborne species. If however, an existing biofilm was present before the introduction of "contaminating" bacteria then these could be detected in the biofilm. This implies that if the DUWL are new or satisfactorily cleaned on a regular basis then the associated cross-contamination aspects are reduced. In conclusion, TAED provides effective control for DUWL biofilms.
The contamination of dental unit water lines (DUWL) is an emerging concern in dentistry. The aim of this study was to use an in vitro DUWL to model microbial contamination and evaluate the decontamination efficacy of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) solutions. A DUWL biofilm model used to simulate clinical conditions was used to generate a range of biofilms in DUWL. Three distinct biofilms were generated: (1) biofilm from water, (2) biofilm from a mix of water + contaminating human commensal bacteria, (3) biofilm from water with contaminating oral bacteria added after biofilm formed. The contaminating oral species used were Streptococcus oralis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Decontamination by simple water flushing or flushing with TAED was evaluated (2, 5 and 10 min intervals). The DUWL tubes were split and samples were plated onto a range of media, incubated and bacteria enumerated. Water flushing did not reduce the number of microorganisms detected. Bacteria were not detected from any of the TAED sampling points for any of the biofilm types tested. Interestingly, if contamination was introduced to new DUWL along with the waterborne species a biofilm was formed containing only the waterborne species. If however, an existing biofilm was present before the introduction of "contaminating" bacteria then these could be detected in the biofilm. This implies that if the DUWL are new or satisfactorily cleaned on a regular basis then the associated cross-contamination aspects are reduced. In conclusion, TAED provides effective control for DUWL biofilms.
The title compound, C19H18O5, is a diastereoisomer of crotocaudin, both being isolated from the plants of genus Croton. In isocrotocaudin, the furan moiety makes a dihedral angle with the adjacent lactone of 13.53 (17)°. The cyclohexyl ring of the diterpene moiety adopts a chair confirmation. The weak intermolecular C—H·O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into linear chains along the c axis.
In the title compound, C12H15NO3, the isoquinoline moiety is essentially planar, except for the N and adjacent Csp3 atoms, which deviate from the mean plane by 0.198 (2) and 0.686 (2) Å, respectively. The bond length between the N and carbonyl C atoms [1.353 (3) Å] is close to a double‐bond value, indicating electron delocalization. No significant intermolecular interactions are observed.
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