Meat consumption has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Western societies; however, epidemiological data are limited on the Korean population. Therefore, we examined the associations between unprocessed meat consumption and CVD incidence in Korea. Data were derived from the Ansung-Ansan cohort (2001–2012), including 9370 adults (40–69 years) without CVD or cancer at baseline. Total unprocessed meat consumption was estimated as the sum of unprocessed red meat (beef, pork, and organ meat) and poultry consumption. In the fully adjusted Cox regression model, the relative risks of CVD across increasing quintiles of total unprocessed meat intake were 1.0 (reference), 0.72 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55, 0.95), 0.57 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.78), 0.69 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.95), and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.48, 0.97), but no significant linear trend was detected (p for trend = 0.14). Frequent poultry consumption was significantly associated with a decreased CVD risk; this association showed a dose-response relationship (p for trend = 0.04). This study showed that a moderate intake of total unprocessed meat was inversely associated with CVD risk. A significant inverse association between poultry consumption and incident CVD was observed in Korean adults, requiring further confirmation in other populations.
PRM intake did not affect T2DM and CVD incidences among Korean middle-aged adults, although extremely low average consumption of PRM may explain the finding. Therefore, limiting PRM intake may not be a top priority for the prevention of chronic diseases in Korean population.
Although in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that chromium has protective effects against metabolic diseases, few studies have examined this association in humans. The present study examined chronic chromium (Cr) exposure among Koreans based on the measurement of toenail Cr concentrations, and analyzed the associations between toenail Cr concentrations and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from the prospective cohort study in the Yeungnam area of South Korea that included 232 men and 268 women. Toenail Cr concentration was quantified by neutron activation analysis, and metabolic biomarker levels were obtained through medical examinations. The odd ratios (OR) of prevalent MetS and its components in correlation with Cr concentrations were calculated using multivariable logistic regression. After multiple confounding variables were adjusted for, participants with higher concentrations of Cr had a prevalence rate of MetS similar to those with lower concentrations (OR, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.65–5.23). Our results do not support an association between long-term exposure to Cr and a lower prevalence of MetS in Koreans, whose Cr concentrations are relatively low compared to those of populations in Europe and the United States.
Introduction: Cumulative evidence has shown that total meat consumption is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Western societies. However, epidemiological information is limited regarding such associations in the Korean population whose consumption level of meat is much lower than the global average. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that higher intake levels of unprocessed total meat would not increase the overall risk of CVD incidence, and healthier alternatives to red meat (such as poultry) would have protective effects in middle-aged Korean population. Methods: Ansung-Anasan cohort 2001-12 analyses were conducted from 2001 to 2012 among 9,370 adults, aged 40-69 years, without CVD or cancer at baseline, from two communities, Ansan (urban) and Ansung (rural). Dietary information was ascertained at baseline and at the second follow-up visit. Total meat consumption was estimated as the sum of unprocessed red meat (sum of beef, pork, and organ meat) and chicken consumption. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: During a median follow-up of 7.8 years, 486 incident CVD cases were identified. In the fully adjusted Cox regression model, relative risks of CVD across increasing quintiles of total meat intake were 1.0 (reference), 0.72 (95% CI 0.55-0.95), 0.57 (95% CI 0.42-0.78), 0.69 (95% CI 0.51-0.95), and 0.69 (95% CI 0.48-0.97). Regarding specific types of meat, frequent chicken consumption was significantly associated with decreased risks of CVD, showing participants in the highest quintile of chicken intake were 1.5 times less likely to develop CVD than those in the lowest quintile (95% CI: 0.47-0.99), and this association showed a dose-response relationship for all statistical models ( P for trend <0.05). Conclusion: Higher intakes of unprocessed total and red meat showed inverse associations with incident CVD in a large, prospective, population-based cohort study of middle-aged Koreans. These findings require further confirmation from other populations whose meat intake is relatively lower than the global average.
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