A novel multidimensional separation system based on online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography and hybrid high-resolution mass spectrometry has been developed for the qualitative screening analysis and characterization of complex samples. The core of the system is a consistently miniaturized two-dimensional liquid chromatography that makes the rapid second dimension compatible with mass spectrometry without the need for any flow split. Elevated temperature, ultrahigh pressure, and a superficially porous sub-3-μm stationary phase provide a fast second dimension separation and a sufficient sampling frequency without a first dimension flow stop. A highly loadable porous graphitic carbon stationary phase is employed in the first dimension to implement large volume injections that help countervailing dilution caused by the sampling process between the two dimensions. Exemplarily, separations of a 99-component standard mixture and a complex wastewater sample were used to demonstrate the performance of the dual-gradient system. In the second dimension, 30 s gradients at a cycle time of 1 min were employed. One multidimensional separation took 80-90 min (~120 min including extended hold and re-equilibration in the first dimension). This approach represents a cost-efficient alternative to online LC × LC strategies working with conventionally sized columns in the rapid second dimension, as solvent consumption is drastically decreased and analytes still are detectable at environmentally relevant concentrations.
The ''principal" band in the ultraviolet spectrum (due to excitation to a dipolar state) has been measured for nitrobenzene and acetophenone and their para methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and ¿-butyl derivatives in the gas phase and in a wide variety of solvents. The gas phase excitation energies are in the inductive order, with the alkyl groups responding in linear proportion to the change in electron demand in proceeding from the acetophenone to the nitrobenzene series. The effect of solvent, particularly basic solvents, is to tend to invert the order of excitation energies. Quantitative treatment of the data indicates that this effect is consistent with the operation of steric hindrance to solvation.
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