We introduce the The Three Hundred project, an endeavour to model 324 large galaxy clusters with full-physics hydrodynamical re-simulations. Here we present the dataset and study the differences to observations for fundamental galaxy cluster properties and scaling relations. We find that the modelled galaxy clusters are generally in reasonable agreement with observations with respect to baryonic fractions and gas scaling relations at redshift z = 0. However, there are still some (model-dependent) differences, such as central galaxies being too massive, and galaxy colours (g −r) being bluer (about 0.2 dex lower at the peak position) than in observations. The agreement in gas scaling relations down to 10 13 h −1 M between the simulations indicates that particulars of the sub-grid modelling of the baryonic physics only has a weak influence on these relations. We also include -where appropriate -a comparison to three semianalytical galaxy formation models as applied to the same underlying dark matter only simulation. All simulations and derived data products are publicly available.observed properties of the Intra-Cluster Medium (ICM), the size of the central brightest cluster galaxy and the number and properties of the satellite galaxies orbiting within a common dark matter envelope. Clusters of galaxies can therefore be considered to be large cosmological laboratories that are useful for pinning down both cosmological parameters and empirical models of astrophysical processes acting across a range of coupled scales.Concerted effort, from both observational and theoretical perspectives, has been devoted to improve our understanding of the formation and evolution of galaxy clusters. On the observational side, multi-wavelength telescopes are

We use TheThreeHundred project, a suite of 324 resimulated massive galaxy clusters embedded in a broad range of environments, to investigate (i) how the gas content of surrounding haloes correlates with phase-space position at z = 0, and (ii) to investigate the role that ram pressure plays in this correlation. By stacking all 324 normalised phase-space planes containing 169287 haloes and subhaloes, we show that the halo gas content is tightly correlated with phase-space position. At ∼ 1.5−2 R 200 of the cluster dark matter halo, we find an extremely steep decline in the halo gas content of infalling haloes and subhaloes irrespective of cluster mass, possibly indicating the presence of an accretion shock. We also find that subhaloes are particularly gas-poor, even in the cluster outskirts, which could indicate active regions of ongoing pre-processing. By modelling the instantaneous ram pressure experienced by each halo and subhalo at z = 0, we show that the ram pressure intensity is also well correlated with phase-space position, which is again irrespective of cluster mass. In fact, we show that regions in the phase-space plane with high differential velocity between a halo or subhalo and its local gas environment, are almost mutually exclusive with high halo gas content regions. This suggests a causal link between the gas content of objects and the instantaneous ram pressure they experience, where the dominant factor is the differential velocity.

We analyse the gas content evolution of infalling haloes in cluster environments from The Three Hundred project, a collection of 324 numerically modelled galaxy clusters. The haloes in our sample were selected within 5R200 of the main cluster halo at $z$ = 0 and have total halo mass M200 ≥ 1011h−1M⊙. We track their main progenitors and study their gas evolution since their crossing into the infall region, which we define as 1–4R200. Studying the radial trends of our populations using both the full phase-space information and a line-of-sight projection, we confirm the Arthur et al. (2019) result and identify a characteristic radius around 1.7R200 in 3D and at R200 in projection at which infalling haloes lose nearly all of the gas prior their infall. Splitting the trends by subhalo status,we show that subhaloes residing in group-mass and low-mass host haloes in the infall region follow similar radial gas-loss trends as their hosts, whereas subhaloes of cluster-mass host haloes are stripped of their gas much further out. Our results show that infalling objects suffer significant gaseous disruption that correlates with time-since-infall, cluster-centric distance, and host mass, and that the gaseous disruption they experience is a combination of subhalo pre-processing and object gas depletion at a radius that behaves like an accretion shock.

We examine the properties of the galaxies and dark matter haloes residing in the cluster infall region surrounding the simulated ΛCDM galaxy cluster studied by Elahi et al. (2016) at z = 0. The 1.1 × 10 15 h −1 M galaxy cluster has been simulated with eight different hydrodynamical codes containing a variety of hydrodynamic solvers and subgrid schemes. All models completed a dark-matter only, non-radiative and full-physics run from the same initial conditions. The simulations contain dark matter and gas with mass resolution m DM = 9.01 × 10 8 h −1 M and m gas = 1.9 × 10 8 h −1 M respectively. We find that the synthetic cluster is surrounded by clear filamentary structures that contain ∼ 60% of haloes in the infall region with mass ∼ 10 12.5 − 10 14 h −1 M , including 2-3 group-sized haloes (> 10 13 h −1 M ). However, we find that only ∼ 10% of objects in the infall region are subhaloes residing in haloes, which may suggest that there is not much ongoing preprocessing occurring in the infall region at z = 0. By examining the baryonic content contained within the haloes, we also show that the code-to-code scatter in stellar fraction across all halo masses is typically ∼ 2 orders of magnitude between the two most extreme cases, and this is predominantly due to the differences in subgrid schemes and calibration procedures that each model uses. Models that do not include AGN feedback typically produce too high stellar fractions compared to observations by at least ∼ 1 order of magnitude.

Abstract. SgrA * is the supermassive black hole candidate at the center of the Galaxy and an ideal laboratory to test general relativity. Following previous work by other authors, we use the Polish doughnut model to describe an optically thin and constant angular momentum ion torus in hydrodynamical equilibrium and model the accretion structure around SgrA * . The radiation mechanisms are bremsstrahlung, synchrotron emission, and inverse Compton scattering. We compute the spectrum as seen by a distant observer in Kerr and non-Kerr spacetimes and we study how an accurate measurement can constrain possible deviations form the Kerr solution. As in the case of emission from a thin accretion disk, we find a substantial degeneracy between the determination of the spin and of possible deviations from the Kerr geometry, even when the parameters of the ion torus are fixed. This means that this technique cannot independently test the nature of SgrA * even in the presence of good data and with the systematics under control. However, it might do it in combination with other measurements (black hole shadow, radio pulsar, etc.).

No abstract

SgrA * is the supermassive black hole candidate at the center of the Galaxy and an ideal laboratory to test general relativity. Following previous work by other authors, we use the Polish doughnut model to describe an optically thin and constant angular momentum ion torus in hydrodynamical equilibrium and model the accretion structure around SgrA * . The radiation mechanisms are bremsstrahlung, synchrotron emission, and inverse Compton scattering. We compute the spectrum as seen by a distant observer in Kerr and non-Kerr spacetimes and we study how an accurate measurement can constrain possible deviations form the Kerr solution. As in the case of emission from a thin accretion disk, we find a substantial degeneracy between the determination of the spin and of possible deviations from the Kerr geometry, even when the parameters of the ion torus are fixed. This means that this technique cannot independently test the nature of SgrA * even in the presence of good data and with the systematics under control. However, it might do it in combination with other measurements (black hole shadow, radio pulsar, etc.).

No abstract