This study produces a grounded theory of the process of communication with former partners for 30 men and women who share physical and legal custody of their children following divorce or separation. The formality of the custody arrangement was the core factor that influenced the ways in which study participants established and maintained boundaries regarding when, how, and what they communicated with their former partners. Other factors that played a role included the relationship with the former partner, the child, and the introduction of new partners. One cannot simply assume that because parents share physical and legal custody, they communicate with their former partners in a particular way; instead, the formality of the custody arrangement and the establishment of communication boundaries needs to be examined in order to understand how coparents communicate with their former partners.

Some scholars have argued for fi xed standards for null hypothesis signifi cance testing, using only .05 as the criterion for assessing or reporting statistical signifi cance. One might get an impression that no credible scholars have ever succeeded in publishing results in high-impact factor, peer-reviewed journals using any other criteria. Here, we point out that not only are there sound theoretical arguments for fl exibility in the choice of alpha or the reporting of statistical results, but that peer-reviewed articles have been published both recently and in the past in major social science research journals using more fl exible statistical standards. In particular, we review the reporting of statistical trends ( p < .10) in seven major scholarly journals from 2005 to 2009, as well as in 2013 for two of those journals. Sample size was not signifi cantly correlated with whether or not articles in one journal reported results for which p < .10. The use of less conservative levels of alpha or the reporting of statistical trends should not be used against the credibility or scientifi c soundness of either scholars or their research.

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The Tender Years Doctrine was a family law principle that began in 1881 and held that children should remain in their mother's care following a divorce as mothers are best equipped to meet the children's needs. The Tender Years Doctrine was determined to discriminate against, and violate, the rights of fathers and other caretakers. Currently, the Best Interests of the Child Standard is applied when determining custody arrangements for children. Additional research is needed to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of child inclusion in custody arrangement, shared parenting, and child support decisions.