Recent advances in basic cardiovascular research as well as their translation into the clinical situation were the focus at the last “New Frontiers in Cardiovascular Research meeting”. Major topics included the characterization of new targets and procedures in cardioprotection, deciphering new players and inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic heart disease as well as uncovering microRNAs and other biomarkers as versatile and possibly causal factors in cardiovascular pathogenesis. Although a number of pathological situations such as ischemia–reperfusion injury or atherosclerosis can be simulated and manipulated in diverse animal models, also to challenge new drugs for intervention, patient studies are the ultimate litmus test to obtain unequivocal information about the validity of biomedical concepts and their application in the clinics. Thus, the open and bidirectional exchange between bench and bedside is crucial to advance the field of ischemic heart disease with a particular emphasis of understanding long-lasting approaches in cardioprotection.
SummarySporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii . It is a primary cutaneous infection and it has different clinical forms: disseminated by lymphatic vessels (75%), localised cutaneous form (20%), disseminated cutaneous and extracuteus rarely. The systemic disseminated sporotrichosis is considered a severe opportunistic infection. The best diagnostic test is the culture. The authors report a case of a 36-year-old man, originally from Puebla, Mexico, with a diagnosis of disseminated sporotrichosis. Differential diagnosis with other pathologies includes leishmaniasis, chromoblastomycosis, tuberculosis verrucose and lymphangitis. The development of unusual presentations in immunocompromised patients has been reported.
Symptoms and signs of orange rust on sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum L. species) were observed from July 2007 on cv. SP 71-5574 in Costa Rica at the Coopeagri Sugar Mill located in Pérez Zeledón, San José and on multiple cultivars (CP 72-2086, Pindar, Q 132, Q 138, SP 71-5574, and SP 79-2233) at the Providencia Sugar Mill near Muelle, San Carlos and Cutris Sugar Mill near Los Chiles during August 2007. The same symptoms and signs were observed on cv. CP 72-2086 during September 2007 in Nicaragua at Ingenio San Antonio, located near Chinandega, and Ingenio Monte Rosa near El Viejo, Nicaragua. Disease symptoms and uredinia appeared different from brown rust caused by Puccinia melanocephala, and brown rust usually does not occur on these cultivars. Uredinia and urediniospores were similar to those described for orange rust (1,2). Cvs. SP 71-5574 and SP 79-2233 are susceptible and cv. CP 72-2086 is moderately susceptible to orange rust in Costa Rica and cvs. ISACP 00-1075, ISA 00-1000, and CP 72-2086 are moderately susceptible in Nicaragua. Samples from both locations (Costa Rica BPI No. 878816 and Nicaragua BPI No. 878817) examined at the USDA-ARS Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory in Beltsville, MD showed morphological characteristics consistent with those of P. kuehnii. Analysis of ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 rDNA sequences of the rust infecting cv. CP 72-2086 (GenBank Accession No. FJ532477) from Costa Rica and cv. ISA 00-1000 from Nicaragua (GenBank Accession No. FJ532476) confirmed the identity as P. kuehnii, the causal agent of sugarcane orange rust. Beside the cultivars already mentioned, orange rust also was confirmed on cvs. RB 73-9735 and CPCL 02-2130 in Costa Rica. To our knowledge, this is the first report of orange rust of sugarcane in Costa Rica and Nicaragua and the third confirmation of the disease in the Western Hemisphere and Caribbean Basin. References: (1) J. C. Comstock et al. Plant Dis. 92:175, 2008. (2) W. Ovalle et al. Plant Dis. 92:973, 2008.
Parasitic diseases are very important in Mexico because of their economic impact and adverse effects on normal growth in children. Cryptosporidiosis has been associated with acute diarrhea in immune competent and incompetent human hosts, fecal contamination of drinking water sources, and handling of animals. Due to the lack of reports on cryptosporidiosis in Mexico, we conducted a parasitologic study in children with diarrhea and other clinical symptoms. The main objectives were 1) to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in children less than one year of age in Mexico City, and 2) to correlate Cryptosporidium infection with gastrointestinal symptoms. Two hundred fecal samples from children seen at the Gabriel Mancera Familiar Medicine Unit of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social were studied. Children were divided into two groups. Group A was composed of sick children with 6-8 watery diarrheic episodes every 24 hours attended at the emergency service. Group B was composed of healthy babies getting routine check ups. Only children in group A were found to be infected with intestinal protozoa (50% with Giardia lamblia, 41% with Cryptosporidium spp., and 4% with Entamoeba histolytica). The results suggested a high incidence of Cyrptosporidium infections in children in Mexico City, which make these observations useful for future studies.
Cell cultures are subject to contamination either with cells of other cultures or with microorganisms, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures is of particular importance. Since cell cultures are used for the production of vaccines and physiologically active compounds, designing a system for controlling contaminants becomes topical for fundamental science and biotechnological production. The discovery of extracellular membrane vesicles in mycoplasmas makes it necessary to take into consideration the bacterial vesicular traffic in systems designed for controlling infectious agents. The extracellular vesicles of bacteria mediate the traffic of proteins and genes, participate in cell-to-cell interactions, as well as in the pathogenesis and development of resistance to antibiotics. The present review discusses the features of mycoplasmas, their extracellular vesicles, and the interaction between contaminants and eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, it provides an analysis of the problems associated with modern methods of diagnosis and eradication of mycoplasma contamination from cell cultures and prospects for their solution.
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