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The timing of arrival from spring migration was studied in 4 years for male Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) in central Spain. Heritability and repeatability analyses were performed at several levels of familial resemblance and male age in order to determine whether arrival times are consistent within individuals between years and are similar between relatives. Oldest males arrived earlier. Arrival time explained much of the variation in laying time and number of young fledged. Age-independent variation in wing length also affected arrival date, the males with longest wings settling earlier. Arrival times were not repeatable within individuals across years and were not similar between relatives (parents-sons, full-sibs). Although genetic variation may exist in departure dates of longdistance migrant birds, the close connection of an early arrival to high reproductive success may have depleted genetic variation in arrival time. In addition, environmental variation probably is too high to detect significant heritability in arrival times without very large sample sizes.
Many organisms adjust their reproductive phenology in response to climate change, but phenological sensitivity to temperature may vary between species. For example, resident and migratory birds have vastly different annual cycles, which can cause differential temperature sensitivity at the breeding grounds, and may affect competitive dynamics. Currently, however, adjustment to climate change in resident and migratory birds have been studied separately or at relatively small geographical scales with varying time series durations and methodologies. Here, we studied differential effects of temperature on resident and migratory birds using the mean egg laying initiation dates from 10 European nest box schemes between 1991 and 2015 that had data on at least one resident tit species and at least one migratory flycatcher species. We found that both tits and flycatchers advanced laying in response to spring warming, but resident tit populations advanced more strongly in relation to temperature increases than migratory flycatchers. These different temperature responses have already led to a divergence in laying dates between tits --
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