RESUMENCryphiops caementarius (Molina 1782) (Decapoda: Palaemonidae), denominado camarón de río del norte ( Fig. 1), es la única especie de la familia representada en Chile y su distribución geográfica está restringida a los ríos de la costa occidental de Perú y Chile desde los 10ºS hasta los 32º 55´S. En Chile, esta especie habita principalmente los ríos y quebradas que drenan las aguas de los contrafuertes cordilleranos y estuvo protegida durante un largo tiempo por una veda total. Sin embargo, la explotación clandestina con extracción desmedida se mantuvo por años, llevando a la reducción del tamaño de las poblaciones de este decápodo y a la disminución de la talla de los ejemplares extraídos. El deterioro de este recurso renovable motivó a la autoridad a revisar la normativa vigente y decretar el año 1986 una nueva disposición que impide la extracción del recurso desde el 1 de diciembre y hasta el 30 de abril de cada año. Estas normativa aumentó el interés por conocer las etapas del ciclo biológico de esta especie. Desde los primeros trabajos sinópticos, numerosos han sido los intentos que se sucedieron en Perú y Chile y que han tenido como objeto estudiar su biología, reproducción, condiciones bioecológicas, hábitat, composición poblacional, migraciones, desarrollo larval y algunos realizados para intentar su cultivo artificial. Todos los estudios realizados, tanto en Perú como en Chile, son conducentes a conocer y comprender aspectos básicos y tecnológicos destinados a aportar para el establecimiento de sistemas artificiales de cultivo, que permitan reducir la presión extractiva que se realiza sobre el recurso intentando reemplazarla por una producción artificial de juveniles. Esta revisión pretende incluir la mayor cantidad de información disponible, con el propósito de reunir en una sola publicación aquellos aspectos que permitan sentar bases sólidas para comprender su comportamiento y poder reproducir artificialmente a la especie con fines de conservación y acuicultura. PALABRAS CLAVES:Cryphiops caementarius, camarón de río, biología, ecología, larvas, cultivo. ABSTRACTCryphiops caementarius (Molina 1782) (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) the northern freshwater prawn (Fig. 1) is the only species in the famliy represented in Chile. Its geographical distribution is confined to the rivers of the occidental coast of Peru and Chile from 10ºS to 32º 55´S. This freshwater prawn in Chile inhabits the rivers and ravines that mainly brought waters from the Andes mountains. The species was protected in Chile during a long time by a total interdiction. However, the clandestine exploitation with an excessive extraction produced a reduction of the population size of this prawn and the reduction of the size of the extracted animals. The damage caused on this resource encouraged the authorities to review the current regulations, proclaming a decree during 1996 with a new disposition that banned the ISSN 0717-652X Gayana 70(2): 280-292, 2006 Revisión
Two culture experiments from 1995 until 1997 were carried out with larvae obtained from gravid females of Cryphiops caementarius (Molina 1782), to define a methodology in order to produce juvenile using controlled conditions of water temperature, salinity and feeding. Time in culture of larval development and the survival rate were determined. Two distinct types of culture systems were studied. Both systems incorporated a standard alimentation using nauplius of Artemia sp. plus microalgae; however the second system included, in addition, a supplement of fish and chiken eggs. The decrease in survival rate in both cultures systems was related to morphological changes in each stage of development. Juveniles were obtained after 98 days of culture with the first culture system, whereas in the second culture system, the time to reach the first juvenile stage was 62 days. In addition, an increase in the values for metamorphosis synchronism induced a good amount of metamorphosed animals (juveniles) during the time involved in this study.
ABSTRACT. The Chilean inland water crustaceans are characterized by a combination of endemic and cosmopolitan species: some occur throughout the territory of continental Chile, while others are restricted to specific latitudinal regions. This study examined the zoogeographical patterns exhibited by Chilean inland water crustaceans. We considered six regions: Northern Chile (18º-27°S), North-Central Chile (27º-30°S), Central Chile (30º-38°S), Northern Patagonia (38°-41°S), Central Patagonia (41º-51°S), and Southern Patagonia (51º-55°S), and these were identified based on literature records of inland water crustaceans. The classification analysis generated dendrograms for the following groups considered in this categories: all inland water crustaceans (Branchiopoda, Copepoda and Malacostraca), the zooplanktonic crustaceans (Branchiopoda and Copepoda), the Malacostraca alone, and each group separately. Analysis of total data and of the zooplankton group taxa alone revealed the existence of a main grouping consisting of the three Patagonian zones plus Central Chile, that is distinct from that of Northern Chile and North-Central Chile. Similarly, analysis of the malacostracan data revealed the existence of two main groups, one comprising the three Patagonian zones plus Central Chile, contrasted with a second group of Northern and North-Central Chile combined. Our results are in agreement with other panbiogeographical studies of South American crustaceans and insects. Possible factors responsible for generating this pattern are the dispersal and colonization potential of zooplanktonic crustaceans and the marked endemism of the malacostracans.
The present study is a review of the main inland water malacostracan species of northern Chile: Cryphiops caementarius (Molina, 1782). This species sustains the local fisheries in northern and central Chilean hydrographical basins. Cryphiops caementarius, in Chile known as the northern river shrimp, is endemic to rivers west of the Andes Mountains in Peru, and south from Chancay-Lambayeque River and the rivers in the northern Chilean littoral up to 32°55′S.Research on this species in its natural habitat consigned between 1958 to 2008 was directed to population knowledge, including mainly the existing populations in rivers in the Regions of Atacama and Coquimbo. Important advances were also made with regards to the study of the embryonic development, biology, life cycle and reproduction that serve as a basis for the technological development of juvenile production in a controlled environment.
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