PurposeInformal settlements are consistent areas in Latin America which exhibit distinctive urban and social dynamics. However, despite their size and impact, these settlements have been traditionally overlooked in terms of the contribution that they make to the city and to any place branding strategy. These areas are commonly seen as having nothing more to offer than poverty and constraint. However, literature and research shows their possibilities beyond those traditional limits, and arguably they can actively contribute to branding cities in Latin America. The purpose of this paper is to critically explore the contribution that informal settlements can make to a fairer, more real and authentic branding of cities.Design/methodology/approachThe discussion is based on two ongoing research projects, one in urban planning and the other one in business, together with a first‐hand knowledge and engagement with informal settlements in Bogotá.FindingsInformal settlements can contribute positively to branding cities. Trying to “hide” these areas from visitors' views is not only impossible because of their size, but also not desirable because of how they can enrich a branding strategy. However, there are also major downsides which need to be taken into consideration.Originality/valueThe value resides in the attempt to link two themes that traditionally have been nearly opposite (informal settlements and branding cities), and the elaboration on the outcome of this relationship.
We explore a collapsing cosmology driven by a scalar field which is minimally coupled to gravity in a spatially flat and spherically symmetric, isotropic and homogeneous space-time, with a variable timescale that avoid the final singularity. The equation of state that describes the collapse is ω = 1. We calculate the back-reaction of the space-time during the collapse and the energy density fluctuations related to this back-reaction has a spectral index n s = 0, favouring short-wavelengths modes to be detected. The interesting is that the amplitude of these fluctuations increase with time when the collapse is sufficiently strong. *
This paper describes the methodology applied for the evaluation and reactivation of a field that was considered marginal for many years: Challacó Field, located in the Neuquén Basin, 70 km from the city of Neuquén. Figure No 1. The study carried out made it possible to have a precise volume of reserves and a program of operations for their production. Such study was performed prior to the beginning of the operations, minimizing risks and uncertainties. One of the most important factors to be taken into account is the necessity of a good understanding of the reservoir in order to increase the possibility of success in any intent of reactivation of any field. The permanent implementation of a complete study of Geology and Engineering of Reservoir will allow to increase the factor of hydrocarbons recovery in place, thus incorporating an important volume of reserves in a more economical way than the ones obtained in some cases by means of exploratory conventional techniques. Most of the reserves of our country and of the world can be surely found in fields that have been or actually are subexploited due to different reasons, political, economical, etc., and in many cases to lack of investments in reservoir studies. INTRODUCTION Challacó Field was discovered by YPF in 1941, being until approximately 1960 one of the most important of the Neuquén Basin.
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