Hybrid Cymbidium is an important ornamental resource as an orchid pot plant and in cut flower markets, so any protocol that can lead to its improved productivity in vitro is always welcome. Based on a cultivar "Memoria Amelia Earhart" that has not been yet studied, the effects on in vitro organogenesis in response to diluted Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium inorganics and plant growth regulators [PGRs: Epin-Extra ® (24-epibrassinolide, 24-EpiB), Ribav-Extra ® (RE), kinetin (KIN), thidiazuron (TDZ), 6-benzyladenine (BA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)], either alone or as combinations between cytokinins and IAA, were assessed. Whole protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) served as the initial explant source. While full-strength MS medium benefited shoot growth, half-strength MS was optimal for rooting and PLB formation. The optimum concentrations of 24-EpiB were 10 4 % and 10 5 % for shoot growth and 10 6 % for PLB multiplication, and the maximum shoot growth was induced by RE at 10 4 % and BA at 4.4 μM or 13.3 μM. The simultaneous application of a cytokinin and IAA in MS had the greatest impact on PLB-related parameters. The number of PLBs per explant was improved by 11.6 μM KIN and 2.9 μM IAA, while 0.5 μM KIN and 2.9 μM IAA improved PLB size. The number of regenerated shoots was maximum in MS medium supplemented with 10 9 μM TDZ and 2.9 μM IAA, whereas the longest shoots formed in MS medium supplemented with 2.2 μM BA and 2.9 μM IAA. Using well-explored and unexplored PGRs, we devised an effective in vitro PLB-to-plantlet regeneration protocol for the hybrid Cymbidium "Memoria Amelia Earhart".
We present the concept of an all-optical seismometer based on the principle of optical whispering gallery modes (WGMs). The proposed sensor is compact, rugged, low power, and resistant to electromagnetic interference. A cantilever configuration of a fiber-pigtailed photonic integrated circuit with a ring resonator is employed as the sensing element. The measurement approach is based on the optical excitation of the WGMs of a ring resonator using a 1313 nm tunable diode laser. A digital signal processing system analyzes the recorded WGM scans. The base acceleration is calculated from the WGM shifts caused by the deformation of the optical ring resonator. A prototype seismometer is developed, calibrated, and tested. The frequency response of the seismometer is assessed by observing the free vibration of the sensor. The preliminary results are encouraging and suggest that a WGM-based optical seismometer is feasible.
In this paper, we demonstrate an application of high Q-factor optical ring resonators to seismometry. A coupled opto-mechanical (cantilever + ring resonator) system was successfully used to track the motion of a vibration table.
We consider a whispering gallery mode (WGM) sensor where a dielectric perturber extends into the evanescent tail of the microresonator. The position of the perturber rather than the morphology of the resonator is modified by a change in the measured property, inducing a shift in the WGM. This approach can be used for both three-dimensional (spheres, toroids) and planar (disks, rings) resonator geometries. We demonstrate, through analysis and experiments, the feasibility of this sensor approach for both geometries by using a sphere resonator and an on-chip ring resonator. Experiments show that the motion of the perturber across the evanescent tail on the resonator’s outer surface leads to a measurable shift in the resonator WGM. In the latter experiment, a ferromagnetic structure is attached to the perturber stem so that the system acts as a magnetic field detector. The results show a consistent relationship between the mode shift and the magnetic field strength.
An optical whispering-gallery-mode resonator-based speed sensor concept for atmospheric entry, descent, and landing operations is proposed and preliminary results are discussed. The sensor is intended as a compact and reliable alternative to inertial sensors.
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