The human Cytochrome P450 4A11 (CYP4A11) is a major ω-hydroxylase involved in the regulation of blood pressure in the kidney through the conversion of arachidonic acid into 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). Previous studies have reported a significant association between the 8590T>C genetic variant of CYP4A11 and hypertension. Interestingly, several population-based studies have reported ethnic differences in the prevalence of hypertension, with the highest prevalence in African populations. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency and inter-ethnic comparison of the CYP4A11 (8590T>C) functional polymorphism, in five new ethnic groups: European (99 French Caucasians), African (36 Gabonese and 50 Senegalese), South American (60 Peruvians) and North African (53 Tunisians) populations, using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing strategies. We confirmed that the CYP4A11 (8590T>C) functional polymorphism exhibits inter-ethnic frequency differences. Noteworthy, the highest 8590C allele frequency was observed in the Tunisian (30.2%), followed by Senegalese (20%) populations. In addition, the CC genotype was only found in the Gabonese and Tunisian populations (5.6% and 8.4%, respectively). These populations may be of major interest to help to clarify the linkage between hypertension and CYP4A11 (8590T>C) genotype in African populations. These findings provide data for further studies that investigate the potential association of CYP4A11 (8590T>C) variant with an incidence of hypertension genesis in respect of ethnicity.
Cattle slaughtering produce large amounts of wastewater containing high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients and requires significant treatment before disposal or reutilization. However, the nutrients contained can be valued as a medium for microalgal biomass generation. In this work, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) followed by membrane filtration or biological (microalgae cultivation) treatment in continuous mode were performed. From cattle slaughterhouse wastewater (CSW), by the effect of HC treatment with air injection in batch mode, more than 20% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed. In a continuous HC process, the COD content in output was 324 mg O2/L, which is 68% lower than the supplied CSW. After that, 76% of residual COD was removed by filtration through a tubular alumina membrane (600 nm). Finally, 85% of residual COD after HC treatment in 24 h in a batch mode was removed by microalgae. On the other hand, the COD concentration in the output was around 59 mg O2/L in continuous mode, which represents 85–93% COD removal. The process involving HC and microalgae growing looks promising since in addition to water treatment, the microalgae produced could be valued in a biorefinery concept.
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