Colletotrichum acutatum is one of the causal agents of anthracnose in several crops, and of post-flowering fruit drop (PFD) in citrus and key lime anthracnose (KLA). The pathogen normally attacks flowers, causing lesions only in open flowers. Under very favorable conditions, however, it can also affect flower buds and small fruits, causing complete rotting of the fruit and a premature fall, resulting in major economic crop losses. We isolated endophytic fungi from Tahiti lime to evaluate its diversity, verify its antagonistic capacity against the phytopathogen Colletotrichum acutatum C-100 in dual tests, and evaluate the ability of various endophytic agents to control flowers with induced anthracnose. 138 fungal isolates were obtained from 486 fragments of branches, leaves, and fruit; from which 15 species were identified morphologically. A higher isolation frequency was found in branches and leaves, with a normal level of diversity compared to other citrus species. Of the 15 morphospecies, 5 were trialed against C. acutatum in antagonism tests, resulting in a finding of positive inhibition. 2 endophytic fungi from the antagonism tests demonstrated high inhibition of the phytopathogen, and were thus used in in vivo tests with Tahiti lime flowers, applied in a spore solution. Spore solutions of two molecularly identified species, Xylaria adscendens, and Trichoderma atroviride, reduced the lesions caused by the phytopathogen in these in vivo tests. The finding that these endophytes react antagonistically against C. acutatum may make them good candidates for further biological control research in an agroindustry that requires environmental sustainability.
Se registran las especies de anfibios y reptiles de una zona de tierras bajas altamente intervenida y adyacente a la ciénaga de Chilloa, una de las ciénagas del sistema de ciénagas del río Magdalena en la zona caribe colombiana. Se hicieron búsquedas visuales azarosas durante el día y la noche a lo largo de seis salidas de campo entre abril de 1999 y enero de 2000. Registramos 46 especies (20 de anfibios y 26 de reptiles). La mayoría de las especies registradas tienen amplio rango de distribución geográfica en las tierras bajas de Centro y Sudamérica por lo que la diversidad β es baja. De esas especies, diecisiete se consideran indicadoras de hábitat perturbados, mientras las restantes son propias de los parches de bosques o bosques de galería. El registro de las especies encontradas permite ampliar los datos existentes para la herpetofauna de las tierras bajas del Caribe colombiano. El análisis comparativo con otras herpetofaunas de zonas bajas muestra que Botillero tiene más elementos comunes con las localidades de los Llanos Centrales de Venezuela y Barro Colorado en Panamá que con otras áreas en Centro y Sudamérica en concordancia con patrones biogeográficos sugeridos. Dadas las características del área de estudio y la herpetofauna registrada, se sugiere conectar los fragmentos remanentes de Bosque seco Tropical con bosques de galería alrededor de las ciénagas y otros cuerpos de agua de la región para mantener la diversidad de especies asociadas con estos hábitats.
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