BackgroundDiabetes mellitus causes microvascular complications in the eyes and kidneys as well as the nervous system, among other parts of the body. Lungs are a potential target organ for diabetic microvascular complications and remain the least researched among diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to explore whether there is any difference in pulmonary functions in patients with diabetes mellitus compared to those without. MethodologyA comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 participants each with and without type II diabetes mellitus. Pulmonary function parameters, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1 as a percentage of FVC in percentage (FEV1%), peak expiratory flow rate in L/second (PEFR), forced expiratory flow rate in L/second in 25% of FVC (FEF25%), forced expiratory flow rate in L/second in 50% of FVC (FEF50%), forced expiratory flow rate in L/second in 75% of FVC (FEF75%), forced expiratory flow rate during 25-75% of expiration (FEF25-75%), and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), of both groups were analyzed using the NDD Large True Flow (Easy One) spirometer (NDD Meditechnik AG., Switzerland). A fully automated chemistry analyzer and linear chromatography were used for glycemic control measurements. ResultsAll pulmonary function test parameter values were lower in participants with diabetes mellitus compared to those without, except FEV1% and PEFR, which indicates a mixed pattern of lung dysfunction. FVC had a significant negative correlation with the duration of diabetes (r = -0.299, p = 0.034). ConclusionsType II diabetes mellitus patients had significant dysfunction in pulmonary functions with early involvement of restrictive parameters which can be monitored/diagnosed by regularly following up patients by measuring pulmonary functions, and, hence, can be taken care of.

Background: The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has negatively impacted respiratory health worldwide. The severity of the disease varies considerably, and patients may present with bronchitis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. This study aims to quantify the parameters of the pulmonary function test (PFT) with regard to the severity of COVID-19 and understand the pattern of PFT in reference to the status of selected morbidities and body mass index.Materials and methods: This is a hospital-based, comparative, cross-sectional study. A total of 255 COVID-19 survivors underwent clinical assessment, a PFT, and a 6-minute walk test. Participants were divided into mild, moderate, and severe disease groups. The parameters were compared between these groups. The PFT and 6-minute walk tests were conducted using an NDD Digital computerized spirometer (NDD Meditechnik AG., Switzerland) and a fingertip pulse oximeter (Hasely Inc., India), respectively.Results: All PFT parameters showed significant differential distribution among the severity groups (p<0.001) except for forced expiratory volume in 1 s/ forced vital capacity (FEV 1 /FVC) and forced expiratory flow (FEF) during 25%-75% expiration and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Among severe category participants forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ), and FEV 1 /FVC, were significantly reduced as compared to mild and moderate. Severity was significantly affected by age >50 years. Severe category participants were seen in 31% of normal, 58% of pre-obese, and 53% of obese participants; however, this difference was insignificant. A significant reduction in SPO2 on the 6-minute walk test was observed in severely sick participants.Conclusions: COVID-19 is associated with a mixed pattern of spirometry. Poor prognosis is associated with older age, obesity, and multimorbidity.