The present investigation centered on the application of response surface methodology to assess the engine operating parameters namely performance, combustion, emission, and vibration characteristics of variable compression ratio direct injection single-cylinder diesel engine operating with Niger seed oil methyl ester blend and hydrogen in dual fuel mode. Response surface models were developed using the experimental data of input and output variables. The fuel blend, load, compression ratio, and hydrogen flow rate were considered as input responses while the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, cylinder pressure and net heat release rate, carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbon, Nitrogen oxides (NO x), smoke opacity, and RMS velocity respectively were considered as the output responses. The input conditions altered were: loads of 29.43 N (3 kgf), 58.86 N (6 kgf), 88.29 N (9 kgf), and 117.72 N (12 kgf), compression ratios of 16, 17.5, and 18.5, and the hydrogen flow rates of 5 lpm, 10 lpm, and 15 lpm. The output information of the test was assessed using response surface methodology (RSM) and the polynomial model (second-request) was created. The experimental values were in good match with RSM predicted values and maintained an R 2 value of more than 0.95 for all the test run combinations. Further, all the test points sustained comparatively within the 10% maximum deviation. Keywords Brake thermal efficiency • Compression ratio • Smoke opacity • Hydrogen • Cylinder pressure Abbreviations CR Compression ratio FB Fuel blend HFR Hydrogen flow rate (lpm) BTE Brake thermal efficiency (%) BSFC Brake specific fuel consumption (kg/kWhr) NSOME Niger seed oil methyl ester B20 20% NSOME in diesel CO Carbon monoxide (%) UHC Unburnt hydrocarbon (ppm) NOx Nitrogen oxides (ppm) CI Compression ignition ASTM American standards for testing materials ADC Analog to digital converter lpm Liter per minute CP Cylinder pressure (bar) NHRR Net heat release rate (J/deg.) q Net heat release rate (J/deg.) q Heat Heat transfer rate combustion chamber wall (J/deg.) V Volume change with crank angle (m 3 /deg.) p Pressure change with crank angle (bar/deg.)
The current research focuses on how the inclusion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in mono ethylene glycol-water mixtures affects thermal conductivity, heat transfer, and dynamic viscosity for solar thermal applications. To achieve high stability in mono ethylene glycol-water mixtures, MWCNTs were oxidized and then dispersed at concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 wt.%. Zeta potential analysis was used to track the stability of the nanofluids over a two-month period. With the dispersion of MWCNTs in the base fluids, there is a remarkable increase in thermal conductivity from 15 to 24%. The dynamic viscosity variation is found to be minimal at high temperatures. Heat-transfer studies conducted on a specially designed test rig consisting of a coiled heat exchanger show that ethylene glycol-water mixtures dispersed with MWCNTs exhibit excellent performance under laminar conditions. Correlations for thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and Nusselt number were obtained for all temperature conditions, mass fractions, and percentages of ethylene glycol. In the case of 100% mono ethylene glycol and mono ethylene glycol-water mixtures (90:10 and 80:20) as base fluids, the increase in heat-transfer coefficients of the corresponding nanofluids is up to 30, 26, and 25%, respectively.
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