Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women globally. Various markers have been identified in breast cancer tissue, including estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Ki67, and adipokine. The most crucial mediator in the relationship between obesity and breast cancer is leptin, which encourages the initiation, development, growth, and spread of tumors. Breast cancer development and progression are significantly influenced by leptin, which is present in both blood and tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the association between leptin immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression in tissue sections and leptin plasma levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in invasive ductal breast carcinomas and correlate this with clinicopathological parameters. Methods: A laboratory observational cross-sectional study was conducted over 18 months. Tissue sections of invasive ductal breast carcinoma cases were collected for IHC leptin expression, and plasma leptin levels of the same cases were estimated by ELISA. The association of IHC leptin expression and plasma leptin levels with other clinicopathological parameters was determined. All data were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software. Results: Among the study population of 52 cases, 92.3% showed IHC leptin positivity. Plasma leptin levels ranged from 13.21 -79.54 ng/ml with a mean of 40.92 ± 20.05 ng/ml. The association of IHC leptin expression and plasma leptin levels was not statistically significant. Among the various clinicopathological parameters studied, the associations of IHC leptin expression with the size (p value-0.04) and stage (p value-0.05) of the tumor were statistically significant. ELISA leptin levels related to parity (p-value 0.04), estrogen receptors (p-value 0.01), and progesterone receptors (pvalue 0.005) were statistically significant. Conclusion: IHC leptin positivity was identified in 92.3% of cases. The mean plasma ELISA leptin level was 40.92 ± 20.05 ng/ml. IHC leptin expression had a statistically significant association with the size and stage of the tumor, while plasma ELISA leptin levels had a statistically significant association with parity, estrogen, and progesterone receptors.
Introduction: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is one of the commonest and most efficient investigation done for salivary gland swellings, which is of much help in diagnosing inflammatory, benign and malignant lesions. The morphology of nucleus determines the behaviour of the cell/tissue as benign or malignant. Nuclear morphometry analysis is done by using various software. Aim: To determine the nuclear morphometry parameters in salivary gland neoplasm of FNAC smears by Image J software and to determine its association with the cytological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective laboratory observational cross-sectional study done for four years (2018- 2021) at a tertiary healthcare centre, attached to Sri DevarajUrs Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka, India. All the FNAC smears of salivary gland neoplasms were considered and classified by cytomorphology as benign and malignant tumours. All smears were analysed using Image J software for nuclear morphometric parameters such as area of the nucleus, perimeter of the nucleus, feret diameter, minimum ferret and skewness. The nuclear morphometric findings of benign and malignant tumours were compared and statistical analysis was doneby using Student’s t-test, p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 52 cases were studied. The average age of presentation of benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasm was 38.7 and 49.4 years, respectively. Among, 30 (57.6%) benign neoplasms there were 23 (76.7%), pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest and among 22 (42.4%) malignant squamous cell carcinoma 16 (72.7%) deposits was the commonest. The nuclear morphometry analysis showed that the mean values of area (p-value ≤0.001), perimeter (p-value≤0.001), ferret diameter (p-value≤0.001) and minimum ferret (p-value=0.001) of malignant lesions were comparatively higher than benign and was statistically significant. Conclusion: Nuclear morphometry along with routine cytopathological evaluation will improve the accuracy of diagnosis of neoplastic lesions of salivary gland. This information can be used to plan better treatment and predict prognosis of the disease. Digital morphological analysis helps in obtaining quantitative values from qualitative data which can be utilised further for automation.
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