This paper studies a number of reasons that effect on the overall output electrical energy of a solar cell, to find the best angle at morning, noon and afternoon times in installing a solar cell system in Koya.. The study was conducted for three (3) months in Koya City-Kurdistan region of Iraq in 2014. It was found that the best Azimuth angle is between (330 o-340 o) whereas the best incident angles are 27 o at the mornings, 60 o at the noon and 25 o at the afternoons in the Koya City. Moreover, the output electrical power that were produced from the solar cell was affected by weather, temperature, and raining as well.
In this study, the activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in 18 sediment samples were investigated from Iraq's Upper and Lower Dukan dam using he high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector as a gamma-ray spectrometry technique. The results revealed that the values of the activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs sediment ranged from (2.85 to 24.60 Bq kg− 1), (1.27 to 7.56 Bq kg− 1), (42.14 to 346.6 Bq kg− 1), and (0.14 to 3.62 Bq kg− 1), respectively. The radiological risk parameters such as radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent, and external hazard index were determined and found to be 30.98 Bq kg− 1, 14.97 nGy h-1, 29.62 nGy h-1, 0.019 µSv y-1, 0.153 µSv y-1, 0.08 mSv y-1, and 0.11 mSv y-1, respectively. The observed mean values were comparable to internationally recommended values.
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