Plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria can stimulate the growth, nutrient acquisition, symbiotic performance and stress tolerance of chickpea plants under saline soil conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the stress-adaptive mechanisms of chickpea plants mediated by Bacillus subtilis (BERA 71) under saline conditions. Inoculation with BERA 71 enhanced plant biomass and the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in plants under conditions of stress. Furthermore, the activities of ROSscavenging antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase), the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione) and the total phenol content were increased in stressed plants during bacterial association. The bacteria decreased sodium accumulation and enhanced the nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium content in the plants. The suppression of ROS generation and of lipid peroxidation and the accumulation of proline in BERA-71-inoculated plants enhanced the membrane stability under salinity stress and non-stress conditions.
Fusarium graminearum is a leading plant pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight, stalk rot, and Gibberella ear rot diseases in cereals and posing the immense threat to the microbiological safety of the food. Herein, we report the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Syzygium aromaticum (SaZnO NPs) flower bud extract by combustion method and investigated their application for controlling of growth and mycotoxins of F. graminearum . Formation of SaZnO NPs was confirmed by spectroscopic methods. The electron microscopic (SEM and TEM) analysis revealed the formation of triangular and hexagonal shaped SaZnO NPs with size range 30–40 nm. The synthesized SaZnO NPs reduced the growth and production of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone of F. graminearum in broth culture. Further analysis revealed that treatment of mycelia with SaZnO NPs resulted in the accumulation of ROS in the dose-dependent manner. Also, SaZnO NPs treatment enhanced lipid peroxidation, depleted ergosterol content, and caused detrimental damage to the membrane integrity of fungi. Moreover, SEM observations revealed that the presence of diverged micro-morphology (wrinkled, rough and shrank surface) in the macroconidia treated with SaZnO NPs. Taken together, SaZnO NPs may find a potential application in agriculture and food industries due to their potent antifungal activity.
Experiments were conducted to investigate the role of silicon (Si, 2 mM potassium silicate - K2SiO3) in ameliorating the salinity (200 mM NaCl) triggered growth retardation, photosynthetic inhibition and the oxidative damage in Talh trees (Acacia gerrardii Benth). Salinity stress reduced length and dry biomass accumulation of root and shoot which were significantly improved by Si supplementation. Application of Si enhanced the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophylls and carotenoids resulting in greater photosynthetic activity measured in terms of net CO2 assimilation. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were declined due to NaCl treatment and supplementation of Si ameliorated the negative impact of NaCl on these attributes and was significantly improved when applied to normal grown plants. Further, lipid peroxidation was more in NaCl stressed plants without Si as compared to those supplemented with Si. Si protected Talh trees from NaCl induced oxidative damage by improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX and GR) and the content of ascorbic acid. Accumulation of compatible osmolytes including proline and glycine betaine was increased due to Si supplementation leading to improved growth under saline conditions in addition Si supplementation mitigated the deleterious effects of NaCl on flavonoid content. More importantly Si supplementation prevented excess uptake of Na and also protected the ill effects of excess Na on the uptake and accumulation of K and Ca resulting in significant decline in Na/K ratio. In conclusion, Si mitigates the negative effects of NaCl in A. gerrardii by modifying nutrient uptake, osmolytes accumulation and up-regulating antioxidant system.
Salt stress is one of the most significant abiotic stresses that substantially negatively impact plant growth and productivity. However, a slew of research thus far has investigated the ameliorating properties of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and their potential to improve plant tolerance to salt stress. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the role of mycorrhizal inocula obtained from Sabkha (S-AMF) and non-Sabkha (NS-AMF) habitats of Saudi Arabia on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical behaviors of the Lasiurus scindicus plant. For this reason, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolated from Sabkha and non-Sabkha soils were treated with salinity-exposed L. scindicus. The results revealed that the AMF-treated plants had higher growth metrics and increased synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, which were reduced by salt stress. Furthermore, the application of AM symbiosis induced an increase in the activities of the antioxidant system, which resulted in a reduction of the plant oxidative damage. It was also found that the increased accumulation of proline and phenols acted as a protective measure. However, plants inoculated with S-AMF had the highest ameliorating responses on all the studied parameters compared to NS-AMF. This could be attributed to the presence of habitat-specific AMF, which may have induced adaptive plasticity in plants to tolerate or resist extreme salinity. However, further study in exploring the S-AMF diversity is needed to make it an ecofriendly choice for the restoration of salinity-affected ecosystems.
The aim of this study was to evaluate cadmium stress induced changes in the growth, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity of Bassia indica associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their amelioration by calcium application. Cadmium stress can cause alterations in the physiological and biochemical processes in plants. A calcium application combined with an AMF treatment resulted in the reduction of lipid peroxidation and the production of hydrogen peroxide, thereby mediating the mitigation of cadmium induced oxidative stress. The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased with cadmium application, whereas AMF inoculation combined with a calcium application further enhanced their activity. An increase in the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in AMF-inoculated and calcium-treated plants further suggests their role in strengthening the antioxidant defense system that results in maintained growth. The application of calcium combined with the AMF treatment caused a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and in the production of hydrogen peroxide, thereby mediating the mitigation of the cadmium induced oxidative stress. Increased proline accumulation was clearly evident in stressed plants, and the calcium application as well as the AMF inoculation further induced proline synthesis, thereby providing efficient protection against cadmium stress by increasing the maintenance of the systemic resistance criteria.
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