Background and Objective: Menopause is a natural process in the ageing of a women & it denotes the end of reproductive capacity which menifests as cessation of cyclic ovarian function and cyclic menstruation. The various hormonal changes associated with menopause on the serum lipids play an important role in most cardiac problems in this period. As Life expectancy is increasing in terms of age in women and menopause remains relatively unchanged, now women are spending more of their life span in the post-menopausal period.The aim of our study was to evaluate risk factors for coronary artery disease in post menopausal women. This includes study and comparison of the serum lipid profile in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with reference to body mass index. Material and Method: The study was conducted with 100 premenopausal and 100 post menopausal women. The BMI of 50 women in either group was 18.9-24.9 and another 50 women was 25-29.9. Various factors which may alter lipid profile were excluded. After overnight fast of 12 hrs, 5 ml venous blood was withdrawn and sent for lipid profile analysis. Results: We observed that there is significantly high serum levels of total cholesterol,LDL,VLDL and triglycerides and significantly low levels of serum HDL in postmenopausal women group in comparison to their pre menopausal counterparts irrespective of their BMI levels (p=<0.05). Conclusions: Changes in lipid profile in post menopausal women increases the risk of cardio vascular diseases.
Background: According to the definition of maternal mortality, it is the “death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days following termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the site and duration of pregnancy, from any cause connected to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not by accidental or incidental cause.” Studying maternal mortality and factors contributing to maternal deaths at Bundelkhand Medical College for 1 year from January 2021 to December 2021 to identify causes that can be avoided and use the knowledge, thereby produced to lower maternal mortality. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of all maternal deaths from January to December 2021. The causes of death and the time between admission and death for each maternal death were thoroughly examined. Results: The Maternal mortality ratio in the present study was found to be 357.7/100,000 live births for the year 2021. Antepartum eclampsia was found most prevalent cause of maternal mortality in 39% cases. Other causes were pregnancy induced hypertension, severe anemia, retained placenta, hepatitis with multi organ failure, septic shock, and ruptured uterus. Conclusion: Maternal mortality is indicator of health-care services of a nation. Better awareness and early referral can help in reducing maternal mortality significantly.
Introduction: Commercial professional drivers are at risk of developing various metabolic diseases as they are exposed to various risk factors due to the nature of their work. The study highlighted the knowledge, attitude, and practices towards various lifestyle diseases and their risk factors in the Sagar district of Central India. A crossectional study was conducted Method: among 496 drivers. A face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire was conducted and translated into the local language to make it easier for study participants to understand. It contained 4 parts: socio-demographic, general knowledge, attitude towards the risk factors, and practice towards risk factors. The data was entered into SPSS. The multivariate and univariate logistic regression analyses were computed to identify associated factors. Odds ratios and their corresponding 95% condence intervals were determined. 189 considered hypertension as the Results: main disease and 121(24.39%) as diabetes as a fatal disease occurring due to smoking and tobacco chewing. Approximately half of the respondents smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day. About 56.45% believe blood pressure checkups should be done every six months. About 217(43.75%) of the participants are in favor of reducing the chance of diabetes through medication. Moreover, 401(80.84%) were ready to quit smoking and alcohol consumption. Only 71(14.31%) of the participants monitor BP regularly. A higher proportion of the respondents 310(62.5%) had reduced sugar intake and only 183(36.89%) got their blood sugar checked regularly. Conclusion: Periodic training/orientation programs for all drivers for adherence with appropriate knowledge, attitude, and practice toward decreasing cardiovascular risk factors should be conducted.
Background: Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized ovum implants at a site outside the uterine cavity.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in patients of ectopic pregnancy at a tertiary care centre. All ectopic pregnancies reported during this time period were selected and case sheets were analysed. The risk factors causing the ectopic pregnancies were obtained by clinical history and physical examination mentioned in case sheets. A menstrual practice questionnaire (WHO) was filled telephonically to assess menstrual hygiene practices in our patients of ectopic pregnancy.Results: Risk factors found in our study were age group 21-30 years, multiparity, previous tubal surgeries, low socioeconomic status, past history of PID and poor menstrual hygiene.Conclusions: PID stands out as the most modifiable risk factor. Awareness for the same among adolescents, sexually active females and newlywed couples may prove of paramount importance to reduce the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in long term.
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