Context:In Ashram schools, scheduled tribes (ST) children from age 6 to 17 years belonging to various ethnic groups stay under common living and dietary provisions. However, there are scant reports on ethnotribal height differences.Aims:The aims of the study are to (a) estimate height differences between schoolchildren of three major local STs, (b) compare heights and average skinfold thickness (SFT) of ST with non-ST and urban schoolchildren, and (c) compare median heights and weights of ST and non-ST schoolchildren with the Indian Academy of Pediatrics standards.Settings and Design:Four Ashram schools and one urban school in Northwest Maharashtra.Subjects and Methods:All children from age 6 to 17 years were included for height, weight, and mid-arm circumference (n = 2106). Data were processed with Excel and Epi info software for quantitative comparisons.Statistical Analysis Used:Quantitative methods including ANOVA were used for statistical comparison of heights.Results:There were no differences among heights between ST students (ANOVA P > 0.05). However, there were significant differences between heights of boys and girls between ST and non-ST students across age groups (ANOVA P < 0.0001). ST boys and girls were mostly below 3rd or 10th percentile of IAP height and weight charts while non-ST children were between 25th and 50th percentiles. The average SFT values for prepubertal age groups were significantly lower in ST schoolchildren.Conclusions:ST students showed a significant growth disadvantage against general and other backward classes categories, although no intertribal anthropometry differences were observed.
Background: Under nutrition is a major problem among Indian schoolchildren. Yet, routine height and weight measurements in schools are nor used for growth monitoring. This study attempts to evaluate mid-upper-arm-circumference (MUAC) as a quick assessment tool against body mass index (BMI) in schoolchildren. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate MUAC against BMI, height, and average skin fold thickness (ASFT) parameters and to estimate MUAC values across age, sex, and social categories. Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted in 2017–2018 in four randomly selected Ashram schools and an urban school in Nashik district. Girls (1187) and boys (1083) from age 6–18 were included, and height, weight, skinfold thickness, and MUAC were measured. MUAC was done on the left arm with Shakir's tape and tailor's tape (for MUAC >25 cm). Epi Info 7.1 and Excel were used for the data analysis. Results: MUAC had a consistently high correlation with BMI at all ages for boys ( r = 0.8786, P < 0.0001) and girls ( r = 0.8586, P < 0.0001). ASFT too was strongly correlated with MUAC ( r = 0.5945, P < 0.0001). MUAC had strong but nonlinear correlation with heights in girls ( r = 0.7751, P < 0.0001) and boys ( r = 0.8267, P < 0.0001). MUAC was higher for girls than boys at all ages. MUAC values for scheduled tribe (ST) children were highly significantly lower than non-ST students. Conclusion: MUAC is a good and quick proxy tool for BMI and can serve as a sensitive nutritional indicator for school ages across socioeconomic categories. However, it is necessary to construct age-wise cutoff points and bandwidths using multicentric studies across income quintiles.
Background: Serum homocysteine levels have been observed to be increased in sickle cell disease (SCD). The biological mechanism of synthesis and regulation of the homocysteine remains unclear. This meta-analysis aims to provide an overview of the serum homocysteine level changes and to discuss its significance in SCD. Materials and methods: This meta-analysis is to determine serum homocysteine level changes during SCD and was conducted under the PRISMA guidelines. Without language restrictions, the articles were identified through BioMed, Embase,
Background: Rising prevalence and poor outcomes make the twin challenges of diabetes epidemiology. This study evaluates effect of 2-only-daily-meals with exercise (2-OMEX) for its effect on HbA1c, oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) usage, body-weight among type-2-diabetes (T2DM) subjects, compared with conventional management. Material and Methods: A quasi-experimental, multicentre study in 2-OMEX arm, and HbA1c by HPLC method. HbA1c and body-weight changes were analyzed by ‘Difference in Difference’ (DID) method. Meal frequency, exercise, energy intakes were based on recall. The required sample size was 20X2 for 1.1 difference in HbA1c with 95% CL and 80% power Results: Socio-demographic and risk profile of analysed and omitted subjects were similar. Studied arms were also similar in baseline features. The results in 2-OMEX and conventional arm are: complete records analyzed 201 and 120. Mean (sd) values as follows: observation days 234 and 236, age 52.03(8.84) and 52.45(9.48) years ( P =0.6977), diabetes duration 4.6(3.05) and 4.9(2.97) years, BMI 27.28(5.27), 26.90(3.74) ( P = 0.1859), baseline HbA1c gm% 7.46(1.52) and 7.55(1.58), end-line proportion of subjects attaining HbA1c ≤6.5gm% was 35.3% and 19.2% ( P =0.002), bodyweight loss 2.57% and 1.26%. OHA count 1.6 (1.23) and 2.7(1.06), ( P =0.0003). In 2-OMEX arm log-normal HbA1c declined significantly by 0.94 (95%CI: 1.60 to – 0.56, p=0.0333), weight loss difference 0.96 kg, and statistically not significant ( P =0.595). Two subjects in 2-OMEX arm showed partial remission. Mean baseline Kcal intakes in 2-OMEX arm, were 1200.4(F) and 1437.3(M) were significantly higher than conventional arm (F) and 1430 (M) Conclusion: The 2-OMEX showed a sizeable and significant reduction in HbA1c and OHA use, in 7-months, with moderate intakes, compared to the conventional arm, possibly attributable to fewer insulin surges. More studies are required for its impact and pathways.
Background: Farm workers experience many work-related hazards, including exposure to organophosphorus (OP) compounds during the process of pesticide spraying during their crop season. The recurrent unintentional exposure to OP compounds may lead to motor and sensory nerve neuropathies and also have some delayed neurological sequels. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were (1) to find out the toxic effects of OP compound on motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and (2) to compare the MNCV, in selected peripheral nerve (median nerve) of affected population with the normal population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted by recruiting 60 individuals matched with height, weight, and occupation matched (control group 30 and study group 30). Participants were selected randomly from the outpatient Department of Medical College Hospital with age group between 20 and 40 years, and both sexes were included. The MNCVs were recorded using multichannel polyrite machine. Results: MNCVs were evaluated on median nerves of both the sides. MNCV was recorded on distal stimulation. Our findings show that the motor abnormalities nerve velocities in case of exposed population were significantly less as compared to the controls in tested median nerve. This indicates the presence of abnormalities such as neuropathy in these patients. Conclusion: There was an evidence of peripheral neuropathy to some extent in peripheral nerves as evident by slow MNCVs in median nerve of those farmers who were exposed to the OP pesticide spraying in the farms and its consequent absorption through skin, inhalation, or ingestion as compared to the normal individuals.
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