BACKGROUND: Cleaning up the environment by the elimination of harmful contaminants from textile effluents (TE) is a critical and challenging crisis that requires long-term appropriate solutions. In this work, a fungal consortium-GR containing two fungi Geotrichum candidum F4 and Rhodotorula glutinis F7, in the ratio 1:1, is demonstrated to treat the organic contaminants in TEs. RESULTS:The immobilized consortium-GR in coconut fibre is 24% more efficient at treating TE than free consortium-GR, showing a maximum decolorization of 88.4% in 6 h immersion, at optimal conditions of pH 5.5, temperature 35°C, inoculum size 5% and fibre quantity 2.5 g L −1 . Biodegradation was confirmed by using UV-visible spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the degradation pathway of methyl orange was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy study. The novel immobilized consortium-GR in the bioreactor was assessed by the reduction of toxic parameters in 6 h: colour by 70%, total dissolved solids by 62%, total suspended solids by 81%, biological oxygen demand by 51%, chemical oxygen demand by 58%, chloride by 78%, ammonia by 64%, sulfate by 55%, lead by 12.5% and chromium by 75%. During this process of bioconversion, maximum laccase activity of 3.25 U L −1 was observed in 6 h by immobilized consortium-GR. Phytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies revealed the detoxification of TE. CONCLUSION: Through the continuous reuse of treated water in subsequent dyeings, the proposed TE treatment process represented a 92.86% reduction in water use and a total cost reduction of 22.47%.This study is a step towards upcoming onsite, field and short-term applications of consortium-GR for the management of TE.
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