In recent years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have attracted the attention of researchers with their involvement in all facets of life. LncRNAs are transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides which lack defined protein coding potential. Although they do not code for proteins, a large number of them are involved in regulating gene expression and translation. The presence of numerous lncRNAs in the human genome has prompted us to investigate the contribution of these molecules to human biology and medicine. In this review, we present the potential role of lncRNAs interlinked to different human diseases and genetic disorders. We also describe their role in cellular differentiation and aging and discuss their potential importance as biomarkers and as therapeutic agents.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well preserved in every animal. These pygmy-sized (21-23 nt) noncoding RNAs scattered in the genome are responsible for micromanaging versatile gene regulation. There is involvement of miRNAs as surveillance cops in all human diseases including cardiovascular defects, tumor formation, reproductive pathways, and neurological and autoimmune disorders. The effective functional role of miRNA can be reduced by chemical entities of antisense oligonucleotides and versatile small molecules that support the views of novel therapies of different human diseases. In this study, we have updated our current understanding of designing and synthesizing miRNA-controlled therapeutic chemicals. We have also proposed various in vivo delivery strategies and discuss their ongoing challenges to combat incorporation hurdles in live cells and animals. Lastly, we have demonstrated the current progress of miRNA modulation in the treatment of human diseases to provide an alternative approach to gene therapy.
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