The housefly, is a major domestic, medical and veterinary pest. The management of these flies reliance on insecticide, causes environmental constraints, insecticide resistance and residues in the meat, skin. Therefore one of the eco-friendly alternate methods is by using biological agents such as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN). In the present study evaluated the survival of EPN species, ,, and in poultry manure and also their efficacy against different developmental stages of house fly. After exposing to poultry manure, showed more survival as followed by, , and in all exposition period. When the exposition period extended to 96 h, all nematode species survivability was drastically reduced. After exposing these nematodes to poultry manure at 24 h their virulence capacity against wax moth, showed all the nematode species were able cause 100% mortality. However their progeny production was significantly reduced. Fly eggs and pupae were refractory to these nematode infection. Petri dish without artificial diet assay showed that, second and 3rd-instar larvae were highly susceptible to EPNs as compared to larvae provided with artificial diet. showed high virulence capacity compared to other nematodes tested. Poultry manure assay revealed that, and caused minimal mortality where as , and did not cause any mortality. This may be because of poor survival and limited movement of nematodes in poultry manure which may be due to ammonia, other toxic substances in poultry manure. The decrease in larval mortality in manure suggests that biocontrol of housefly by using EPNs is unlikely.
Rice is capable of taking up both nitrate (N03~) and ammonical (NH4+) forms of nitrogen (N). It is largely grown under flooded cultivation when NH4+ is the main form of available soil N. The root knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, can cause serious damage to rice crops and disturb N uptake and translocation. We have investigated if the N supply form can influence the susceptibility of rice to this important pest. Roots supplied with a 100-fold lower supply of calcium nitrate (0.1 mM Ca(NO3)2) showed a higher level of nematode infection as measured by the gall index. Plants supplied with 2.85 mM of Ca(NO3)2 were more infected compared with the same dose of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) or ammonium chloride (NH4CI). '^N03" influx studies showed significantly smaller uptake of nitrate in nematode-infected roots when compared with non-infected control plants. The electrophysiological studies showed that resting cell membrane potentials of nematode-infected plants were significantly smaller (less negative) than those of non-infected control rice. Furthermore, when the cellular responses to N03~ were compared, these also showed significantly smaller nitrate transport activity in nematode-infected roots (4.7 ± 1.2 mV) when compared with non-infected control plants (11.9 ± 3.4 mV). Taken together, the '^NO3" influx and electrophysiological measurements clearly showed that the root NO3" transport activity was severely decreased in nematode-infected roots. The results also show that regulation of NO3~ concentration at critical periods of nematode infection of dee root can provide a non-nematicidal method of nematode management.
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