This study investigated the textural and sensory characteristics of sausage, where pork meat was partially replaced with chicken or duck meat (5-30% replacement). Nine treatments including the control (100% pork) were used in this study. TPA showed hardness to be decreasing as larger proportions of chicken or duck meat were substituted for pork meat. Descriptive analysis revealed that greater amounts of chicken or duck meat produced lower intensities of hardness, springiness, and chewiness and tended to increase juiciness. The control was least liked by consumers, while the overall liking (OL) tended to increase as the chicken content rose. The OL for the duck-substituted sausage was highest in samples containing 5% duck meat and tended to decrease as more duck meat was added. The substitution of chicken or duck meat made the sausage more acceptable by adding softness and juiciness. Based on consumers' OL, 30% of chicken or 5% of duck meat is recommended to replace pork meat in sausage.
An analytical method was developed to determine holoceruloplasmin (holo-CP) concentration in serum using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Since each holo-CP in serum contains six Cu ions, the concentration was estimated quantitatively by determining the Cu concentration. For small sample consumption, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microarray chips with 150 mm diameter pillars were manufactured. The surface of each pillar was immobilized by a ceruloplasmin (CP) antibody (IgG) for an antigen-antibody reaction to afford high selectivity for the sampling of total CP in the serum matrix. A calibration curve with a linear regression coefficient of 0.992 was obtained by standard addition methods. For demonstration, 126 pL of human serum was loaded on each pillar of the microarray chips and analyzed by LA-ICP-MS in single-shot mode. The determined concentration of holo-CP was compared with that of the total CP estimated by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), from which the concentration of apoceruloplasmin (apo-CP) was deduced. In conclusion, this analytical method for determining holo-CP concentration with high selectivity and small sample volume can be used in the confirmative diagnosis of diseases related to copper deficiency in clinical samples.
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