Inspection tasks become more and more important for modern production and complex high reliability systems. A major particularity of inspection tasks is to be seen in the fact that the central work process cannot be observed externally. Although inspections tasks include physical activity, the inspection task itself is basically a perceptional and cognitive procedure. Due to the lack of accessibility of a 'work process' or an execution strategy it cannot be broken into separate work steps and cause-effect-relationships. Thus, common ergonomics intervention and design strategies as used for production and service tasks may not be applied similarly for inspections tasks. Requiring to anticipate the attributes of a potential work design variant without having a complete analysis option at hand, explains why engineering and design of work systems remains mostly an expert task. A conceptual model is required to constitute the application of ergonomics knowledge for the design of inspection tasks by delivering insight into the mechanisms contributing or impairing inspection performance. Therefore a work system model is proposed which aims to integrate the most relevant ergonomics concepts in a consistent frame, based on the formal principles of system theory. The linear combination of different approaches shall allow to represent and to explain the complexity of system behavior. This model is extended by a compatible design approach explaining a general structure of design processes and its relationship to the work system model. On the base of the proposed conceptual approach, the particularities of inspections tasks are outlined. This shall support a systematic design of inspection tasks which lack an objective control both on the working level and on the design level.
Cities developed by prosperity of industrial activities are inflated due to the rapid influx of the urban population. In the process, their structure was reorganized with overall urban redevelopment methods. As the a results from the propulsion of overall redevelopment plan, the city environment exposed uniform urban landscapes, absence of sense of place for permanent abodes and other urban problems. At the beginning of the 21st century, people with introspections on the problems focused their attention on making their places attractive using their place's unique identity so that people could feel like to stay there for a long time. They tried to regenerate buildings and cities while still maintaining spatial and historical context of their living environment. This study looks into the regeneration of Shikumen Linong House as a fine example of such a redevelopment in order to provide with a practical resource for urban redevelopment plans in Korea. The study in the first content examines the formation processes of the city of Shanghai as the gateway of the modern China. In the second, it looks into the formation processes and characteristics of Shikumen Linong House in the Xintiandi complex between 1920 and 1930's. In the end, it analyses spatial and formational characteristics and the applied dwelling regeneration method for the of Shikumen Linong House in the Xintiandi complex.
Tree traversing for syntactic and semantic comparison causes expensive time and space consumption. Internet, heterogeneous computing environments, and ubiquitous computing technologies all cause an explosive increase of Web data, and most Web data is written in semi-structured language format. With the growth of Web data usage and the importance of the management, comparison techniques such as similarity detection are more and more needed for efficient information and database management. This paper introduces a free-traversing technique without tree traversing on parse trees generated by the corresponding language parser to analyze its syntactic and semantic meaning. This free-traversing technique uses DIES (Direct Invariant Encoding Scheme) encoding method and has similar results with DFS (Depth First Search) of parse tree traversing. We use XML schema DTDs to evaluate our free-traversing technique. We adopt some of ontological technologies, and apply LCS (Longest Common String) and LNS (Longest Nesting common String) structure extraction methods. With this free-traversing technique, semistructured Web data management can be much easier and faster than existing tree traversing methods.
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