Traditional Eastern medicine has had a successful existence for a long time and has provided functional paths for curing disease. However, some scientists do not accept acupuncture, primarily because the meridian system lacks a physical anatomical basis. To date, scientific theories have not been able to explain the functional paths used by traditional Eastern medicine to cure disease. According to Western medicine, no known anatomical foundation exists for the meridians and unknown nervous, circulatory, endocrine, and immune mechanisms mediate the effects of acupuncture. In the early 1960s, only one hypothesis was proposed to explain the anatomical basis of the meridians. By using different experimental approaches during the past 10 years, the number of scientific papers that report the discovery of different anatomical and physiological evidence confirming the existence of an anatomical basis for the meridian system has increased. Morphological science is greatly challenged to offer a new biomedical theory that explains the possible existence of new bodily systems such as the primo vascular system (PVS). The PVS is a previously unknown system that integrates the features of the cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and hormonal systems. It also provides a physical substrate for the acupuncture points and meridians. Announcements of the morphological architectonics and the function of the PVS fundamentally changed the basic understanding of biology and medicine because the PVS is involved in the development and the functions of living organisms. We propose a new vision of the anatomical basis for the PVS and the vital energy-called "Qi"-as an electromagnetic wave that is involved very closely with the DNA in the PVS. DNA provides genetic information and it functions as a store of information that can be obtained from the electromagnetic fields of the environment. The PVS is the communication system between living organisms and the environment, and it lies at the lowest level of life. The theory of the PVS could be a good basis for forming a new point of view of Darwin's evolutionary theory. Discoveries in morphological theory-such as discoveries with respect to the PVS-have not been made since the 18th century. For that reason, the PVS needs more attention.

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-In an attractive-type high-speed magnetic levitation (maglev) train, separate electromagnets are used for lateral guidance. For the guidance system, a U-shaped electromagnet that uses transverse flux has been designed and analyzed. Electromagnets counterbalance centrifugal forces during curving as well as under all operating conditions so that the clearances between on-board magnets and the guideway surface can be maintained within an allowable range. Because of the rigidity of the bogie, coupling effects exist among the magnets that are controlled independently. This study incorporates bogie yaw motion into control law for adjusting the voltages applied to magnets to provide constant clearance control. The effects of bogie yaw motion on guidance control performance are investigated experimentally using a full-scale vehicle.

Research on Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) train is currently being conducted in Korea, concerning Urban Transit (110 km/h of maximum speed), semi-high-speed (200 km/h of maximum speed), and high-speed (550 km/h of maximum speed) trains. This paper presents a research study on the levitation and guidance systems for the Korean semi-high-speed maglev train. A levitation electromagnet was designed, and the need for a separate guidance system was analyzed. A guidance electromagnet to control the lateral displacement of the train and ensure its stable operation was then also designed, and its characteristics were analyzed. The dynamic performance of the designed levitation and guidance electromagnets was modeled and analyzed, using a linearized modeling of the system equations of motion. Lastly, a test setup was prepared, including manufactured prototypes of the designed system, and the validity of the design was verified and examined with performance evaluation tests.

-Numerous methodologies have been developed in an effort to reduce cogging torque. However, most of these methodologies have side effects that limit their applications. One approach is the optimization methodology that determines an optimized design variable within confined conditions. The response surface methodology (RSM) and the genetic algorithm (GA) are powerful instruments for such optimizations and are matters of common interest. However, they have some weaknesses. Generally, the RSM cannot accurately describe an object function, whereas the GA is time consuming. The current paper describes a novel GA and RSM hybrid algorithm that overcomes these limitations. The validity of the proposed algorithm was verified by three test functions. Its application was performed on a surface-mounted permanent magnet.

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Motor design can be said as multi-modal optimization problem, as many performances should be considered. In addition, a time-consuming finite element method (FEM) is required for accurate analysis of the motor, and such computational burden becomes worse when the FEM is applied to multimodal optimization problem. In this paper, adaptive-sampling kriging algorithm (ASKA) is proposed to relieve the computation cost of multi-modal optimization problem. The ASKA utilizes kriging interpolation model with generated samples by Compact Search Sampling (CSS) and Exclusive Space-filling Method (ESM). The CSS improves the accuracy of the solutions by generating samples near the expected solutions, and the ESM guarantees the diversity of solutions by generating samples far from existing samples, avoiding solution-near area. Using CSS and ESM, the ASKA adjusts the number of samples effectively and reduces function call considerably. The superior performance of the ASKA was verified by mathematical test functions with complex objective function regions. To validate the feasibility of actual electric machines, the ASKA was applied to optimal design of permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors for electric vehicles and optimum design with diminished torque ripple is derived. INDEX TERMS Electric vehicles, kriging, multi-modal optimization, optimal design, permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM)