Impermeable materials are used for parking lots at apartment complexes and large stores which are concentrated in urban areas. These materials increase the amount of surface runoff by blocking infiltration, resulting in flood damage, dry stream phenomena in rivers in urban watersheds, and the depletion of ground water. In this study, a parking lot plot was constructed to quantitatively evaluate the efficiency of pavements using various materials (impermeable concrete, permeable concrete, and permeable block pavement). Four scenarios of rainfall intensity were simulated using a rainfall simulator within each plot (36 mm h−1, 48 mm h−1, 60 mm h−1, 72 mm h−1). The flow was observed by monitoring the system with a bucket flow meter. The efficiency and flow characteristics of the permeable concrete and block pavement were analyzed. The results were used to calculate the ratio of the surface flow to the infiltrating flow between impermeable and permeable pavements. The permeable concrete had a ratio of 1:0.9, and the permeable block pavement had a ratio of 1:0.58.
Urbanization and climate change produce distortions in urban water circulation. This issue can be resolved using a stormwater management technique called Low Impact Development (LID), which mimics natural processes and restores the hydrological state as it was before development. This study aims to evaluate the performance of a LID facility and calculate the runoff reduction and delay effect. The test-bed is a green wall of the Korea GI & LID Center. Scenarios for 30 mm/hr, 50 mm/hr, and 70 mm/hr were set based on the percentile of rainfall events from 2012 to 2021 in Geumjeong-gu, Busan. By setting an impervious surface as the control group, runoff reduction was found to be 91%~94% of 30 mm/hr, 50 mm/hr, and 70 mm/hr. The total outflow time increased by 47, 88, and 58 minutes, respectively, demonstrating the effect of reduced runoff and delayed time. A storm water management model (SWMM) was constructed to evaluate this effect quantitatively. Verification and correction were done using the experiment results. R<sup>2</sup> was 0.96~0.98 for the test and 0.93~0.94 for the correction. This paper thus verified the retention effectiveness performance of a green wall and analyzed its quantitative effect through a SWMM. The study findings can be used as a guideline to test parameter-wise hydrological performance of the model.
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