In the present study, the influence of Ti-additions on the mechanical properties of Nb-microalloyed TRIP steel is investigated. Ti micro-alloying additions to multi-phase Nb TRIP steel result in a substantial increase of the yield strength and a reduction of strain hardening. The increase of the yield strength can be attributed mainly to grain refinement with a relatively small contribution of precipitation hardening. Based on general principles and well-known models of alloying strengthening, metallurgical reasons for the observed mechanical behavior of the steel can be formulated. The contribution of precipitation hardening is relatively small as Ti-addition result in the formation of coarse (Nb,Ti)(C,N) particles. The addition of Ti to a Nb-microalloyed TRIP steel leads to a pronounced enhancement of precipitation kinetics of (Nb,Ti)(C,N), thereby increasing their phase fraction. The precipitates coarsen and tend to form groups of aggregates of particles rather than single isolated particles with increasing intercritical annealing time. In addition, Ti-addition to Nb-microalloyed TRIP steel has a direct influence on the chemical composition of the precipitates, which become Ti-rich.
The stress and strain partitioning between the different micro-structural constituents, and the initiation of the martensitic transformation during the yielding of multi-phase transformation-induced plasticity steel were studied by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments under tensile tests. Position, intensity and width of retained austenite and ferrite diffraction peaks were used to determine lattice strain and phase fractions. At low tensile stress, small elastic lattice deformations were observed. Whereas the Poisson strains in the ferrite were found to be reduced at the macroscopic yield stress, the strain in the austenite increased. The results clearly show that at the elasto-plastic transition the transformation of some of the retained austenite is stress induced.KEY WORDS: TRIP; TWIP; IF steel; synchrotron radiation; mechanical properties. the presence of low stability austenite, with a larger island size and/or low carbon content, which undergoes stress-induced, rather than strain-induced, transformation. The yield strength of both bainitic ferrite and inter-critical ferrite was reported to be 695 MPa.15) This latter conclusion is questionable as these constituents differ strongly in grain size, dislocation density and C content. The authors also report that the austenite transformation is discrete, and that the autocatalytic effect is limited, a conclusion also reported previously by Samek et al. 12) Using cryogenic cooling, Jimenez-Melero et al. 17,18) made a detailed study of the athermal martensitic transformation of individual retained austenite grains in TRIP steel using high energy 80 keV synchrotron X-rays. The mechanism of martensitic transformation they observed was therefore very much below the M s s temperature, whereas the actual use of TRIP steels is above the M s s temperature. Their results have revealed some important features about the retained austenite. They observed that smaller austenite grains tended to have a higher C content. Very small grains with a volume smaller than 5 mm 3 , i.e. with a grain size of about 2 mm in diameter were found not to transform athermally. They reported the presence of two types of austenite grains, blocky austenite and film-type austenite, confirming an earlier transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of Samek et al. 12) In addition, they reported the presence of retained austenite with two distinct carbon contents. Size stabilization of the retained austenite was only observed when the particle volume was less than 15 mm 3 , i.e. with a grain size of 3 mm (f). Otherwise the stabilization by a higher carbon content dominated. They explained the large differences in M s temperature they observed by arguing that there was a distribution in stability from austenite grain to austenite grain.Streicher et al. 19) and Sugimoto et al. 20,21) explained the presence of internal stresses after the unloading of strained TRIP-assisted steel on the basis of strain partitioning between soft ferrite and hard austenite. Their results showed...
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