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Rapidly increasing input current of microprocessors resulted in rising cost and motherboard real estate occupied by decoupling capacitors and power routing. We show by analysis that an on-die switching DC-DC converter is feasible for future microprocessor power delivery. The DC-DC converter can be fabricated in an existing CMOS process (90nm-180nm) with a back-end thin-film inductor module. We show that 85% efficiency and 10% output voltage droop can be achieved for 4:1, 3:1, and 2:1 conversion ratios, area overhead of 5% and no additional on-die decoupling capacitance. A 4:1 conversion results in 3.4x smaller input current and 6.8x smaller external decoupling.

This paper outlines the technical approach adopted to meet the specifications laid down for the '2001 Future Energy Challenge (FEC)' organized by the Department of Energy and IEEE in August 2001. Abstract -In this paper, the development of a low cost fuel cell inverter system is detailed. The approach consists of a three-terminal push-pull DC-DC converter to boost the fuel cell voltage (48V) to f2OOVDC. A four switch (IGBT) inverter is employed to produce 120V/240V, 60Hz AC outputs. High performance, easy manufacturability, lower component count., safety and cost are addressed. Protection and diagnostic features form an important part of the design. Another highlight of the proposed design is the control strategy, which allows the inverter to adapt to the requirements of the load as well as the power source (fuel cell). A unique aspect of the design is the use of the TMS320LF2407 DSP to control the inverter. Two sets of lead-acid batteries are provided on the high voltage DC bus to supply sudden load demands. Efficient and smooth control of the power drawn from the fuel cell and the high voltage battery is achieved by controlling the front end DC-DC converter in current mode. The paper details extensive experimental results of the proposed design on DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Fuel Cell.

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