The valence band structures and ionization energies of pentacene layers grown on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polymerized with poly (4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and Au electrodes were characterized using in situ ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. The pentacene layers grown on Au films consist of amorphous phase and round oval grains regardless of the pentacene deposition temperature, whereas the pentacene deposited on PEDOT:PSS films showed highly distinctive ordered structures depending on the deposition conditions. The pentacene layer (thickness: 30 nm) grown on PEDOT:PSS at room temperature (RT) showed a highly crystalline thin film phase (001) and typical terrace-like structure, but that grown on PEDOT:PSS at 100°C consists of a weakly oriented thin film/bulk mixed phase with a disordered grain structure. However, irrespective of the molecular ordering structure, the pentacene layers grown on PEDOT:PSS films showed nearly the same hole-injection barriers (0.40 ∼ 0.45 eV) at both interface (10 nm) and bulk regions (30 nm). On the basis of the correlation between the molecular ordering and device characteristics, we conclude that the carrier transport at pentacene/electrode interface relies more on the hole-injection barrier than on the ordering of the pentacene layer grown on the electrode.
With different computational tools, simulations ranging from detailed and rigorous mathematical models to overall process plant of black box models can be carried out. Whereas most of these computational tools cannot practically execute different scales of models at the same time, it becomes relevant to devise strategies in coupling two or more of them for better analysis of processes. In this light, this study proposes Excel as an interactive scale bridge of data exchange to aid the multiscale modeling and dynamic simulation of combined cycle (CC) power plant integration with two-tank thermal energy storage (TES) system using gPROMS and SimCentral. This was relevant to analyze not only the performance of TES, but the feasibility of its integration with CC in augmenting energy production to meet daily power demand. The integrated system modeled in four operational modes of CC, increased in power generation by 7.3 MW at an efficiency of 98.30%. The study validated the usefulness of the TES integration of 99.66% efficiency. The research results provide a communication strategy for different computational tools and an approach to effectively increase CC power production to meet varying daily demand.
We have investigated the core levels and the valence band of (Ge2Sb2Te5)1−x(In3Sb1Te2)x quaternary phase system (IGST) by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A systematic shift of Sb 3d and Ge 2p core-level peaks toward lower binding energies side was observed with increasing indium amount, whereas the In 3d and Te 3d core peaks showed less change. The Sb 3d and Ge 2p core-level shift is attributed to an increase in the electronic charge of p-electrons dependent of indium amount. The valence band spectra show a distinct change in the sp configuration with indium concentration change. The change in the local bonding as the indium amount increase has a profound impact on both local atomic arrangement and amorphous-to-crystalline transformation temperature. The difference in the photoemission spectra have been discussed according to a simple structural model suggesting that the Na site in IGST can be occupied by Te, Sb, In, and vacancy, whereas in GST it is occupied only by Te.
BIM is a rising core technology for increasing the productivity of the AEC industry, but such a paradigm shift is placing excessive demand on the practice of small medium size enterprises. BIM has many useful functions that are difficult to imagine in 2D CAD but BIM programs and the system buildup cost are too expensive. Therefore, small medium size enterprises hesitate to apply BIM in their fields. In this study, a customized 4D and 5D system was implemented using the building information generated from basic BIM tools, such as Revit, MS Project, Navisworks, and Excel VBA's customizing process to review the schedule and verify the quantities according to the schedule. Those programs are so basic in BIM circumstances, that small medium size enterprises can be equipped without burden. As a result, essential building information for 4D and 5D system implementation was investigated and its customizing process was established.
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