: A bench-scale airlift submerged bioÐlm reactor was developed to test the possibility of nitriÐcation of the Ðnal effluent discharged from a wastewater treatment process of a steel-making plant with an aim of reusing it as irrigation water. Despite the Ñuctuation of ammonia concentration in the wastewater (55È 90 mg dm~3), the ammonia was completely converted to nitrate in the NH 3 -N hydraulic retention time of 8 h. When decreasing the hydraulic retention time further down to 4 h, the nitriÐcation efficiency decreased to 67É9%. However, the nitriÐcation efficiency could be signiÐcantly enhanced by increasing the airÑow rate due to an increase in both of the oxygen transfer rate and liquid circulation rate. At the aeration rate of 4 dm3 min~1 and the hydraulic retention time of 4 h, the nitriÐcation efficiency was as high as 92É6% and the nitriÐcation rate was 34É6 mg dm~3 bed h~1. 1998 Society of Chemical Industry NH 3 -N (
A study was conducted to determine the safety of feeding processed broiler litter (BL) to beef cattle. The litter was processed by deepstacking, ensiling and composting. The health issues addressed relevant to the safety of feeding litter included pathogenic bacteria, mycotoxins, heavy metals, medicinal drugs and pesticide residues. Exp. 1 evaluated the feed hygiene of processed rice hulls-bedded BL. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in BL was determined before and after deepstacking. A total of 21 BL samples were collected over a 3-year period of commercial and experimental production of BL for beef cattle. Exp. 2 evaluated the safety of meat of cattle fed deepstacked BL. In Exp. 1, there were no pathogenic bacteria, such as coliform, E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria and Proteus, in deepstacked BL. Levels of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and toxic heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd and Hg) were lower than the commercial feed tolerances. Aflatoxin, medicinal drug and pesticide residues were detected at extremely low levels. In Exp. 2, the meat of the BL-fed animals exhibited few differences in all analyzed items from that of the control group, showing safety from pathogenic microorganisms and heavy metals. When BL was withdrawn for 14 days prior to slaughtering the BLfed cattle, no medicinal drug residues were detected in the meat. Pesticides in the tissues of either group of animals were much lower than the tolerances. In conclusion, processed rice hulls-bedded BL and the meat of cattle fed BL were safe from the potential hazards of pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, aflatoxin, medicinal drugs and pesticide residues.
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