Three new guaianolide lactones (1−3) and four new 9-oxonerolidol glucosides (5−8) together with 20 known compounds were isolated from the MeOH extract of the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum. Their structures were elucidated based on the interpretation of NMR, HRESIMS, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data along with acid hydrolysis. Of the isolates, sesquiterpenoids 1−4 and 15 and flavones 17 and 18 exhibited inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells with IC 50 values in the range 0.2−27.0 μM.

Bioactivity-guided fractionation of MeOH extract of the dried fruits of Amomum tsao-ko led to isolation of nine compounds (1 -9). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D and 2D-NMR, as alpinetin (1), naringenin-5-O-methyl ether (2), naringenin (3), hesperetin (4), 2',4',6'trihydroxy-4-methoxy chalcone (5), tsaokoin (6), boesenbergin B (7), 4-hydroxyboesenbergin B (8), and tsaokoarylone (9). Of these, compound 8 was isolated from a natural source for the first time, which was previously reported as a synthetic product. The isolated compounds (1 -9) were tested for their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among them, three chalcone derivatives (compounds 5, 7, and 8) and a diarylheptanoid (compound 9) exhibited significant inhibitory activity on the NO production with IC 50 values ranging from 10.9 to 22.5 µM.

Bioactivity-guided isolation of a MeOH extract of Aralia cordata led to the isolation of four new ent-pimarane diterpenoids (1−4) and a diacetylene (5) together with 21 known compounds (6−26). Their structures were established based on the interpretation of one-and twodimensional NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of the new isolates were determined by electronic circular dichroism data analysis, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and Mosher's esterification method. All compounds exhibited inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC 50 values ranging from 1.1 to 69.4 μM.Aralia cordata Thunb. is a perennial herb belonging to the Araliaceae family and is mainly distributed in East Asia, mostly in Korea, Japan, and mainland China. It has been used as traditional folk medicine in Korea for the treatment of rheumatism, lumbago, and lameness. 1 Previous phytochemical studies revealed the presence of essential oils, polyacetylenes, triterpenoids, and diterpenoids, 2 of which ent-pimarane and ent-kaurane type diterpenoids are considered to be its major components. 3,4 Some of these compounds exhibit a broad range of pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic, cholinesterase, and BACE1 inhibitory activities. 3−6 As part of an ongoing study toward the discovery of plant-derived anti-inflammatory agents, the MeOH extract of the roots of A. cordata, and the subsequent n-hexane and CH 2 Cl 2 -soluble fractions, were found to exhibit inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells (IC 50 = 24.6, 13.6, and 23.1 μg/mL, respectively). Chromatographic purification of the nhexane and CH 2 Cl 2 -soluble fractions afforded four new entpimarane diterpenoids (1−4) and a diacetylene (5) together with 21 known compounds. Herein, we describe the isolation and structure determination of compounds 1−5 and the inhibitory effects of all isolated compounds on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

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The MolNetEnhancer workflow was applied to molecular networking analysis of the CH 2 Cl 2 -soluble fraction of the rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides , which showed a potent inhibitory effect on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production. Among the molecular network, clusters of cycloartane-type triterpenoids were classified using the ClassyFire module of MolNetEnhancer, and their structures were predicted by the in silico fragment analysis tool, Network Annotation Propagation (NAP). Using mass spectrometry (MS)-guided isolation methods, six cycloartane-type triterpenoids ( 1 – 6 ) were isolated, and their structures were elucidated based on the interpretation of NMR, HRESIMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Among the isolates, compounds 1 and 4 , which have an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety on the A-ring, exhibited significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells with IC 50 values of 12.4 and 11.8 μM, respectively.