Risk factors for development of ISS include CAD, diabetes, female gender, hypertension, and tobacco use. Among various options to treat ISS, banding has a low success rate and high likelihood for reintervention, while DRIL is particularly effective although not uniformly. Less invasive treatment options such as RUDI and PAI may be quite effective in treating ISS. Use of the PRA as the inflow source may decrease the incidence of ISS.

CDU only surveillance post-EVAR is safe and can be initiated early after treatment in patients with shrinking or stable aneurysms. This policy should result in cost savings advantage and avoid the complications associated with CT.

Most cervical carotid dissections can safely be conservatively managed, with the majority achieving anatomic and symptomatic resolution, with low rates of recurrence over long-term follow-up.

EVAR can be performed in patients unfit for open surgical repair with excellent early survival and long-term durability. These outcomes in the HR group compare more favorably to the EVAR-2 trial data. However, not all HR patients for open surgical repair derive the benefit from EVAR. The decision to proceed with EVAR in HR patients should be individualized, depending on the number and severity of risk factors.

Robot-assisted intersphincteric resection for very low rectal cancer is feasible, and its short-term outcome is acceptable.